Paper
RSC Advances
ꢀ
conditions (30 C, atmospheric pressure and LA water solution)
using Ni-based catalysts supported on sepiolite without the
external addition of hydrogen. Signicantly, a redox reaction
involving the oxidation of metallic Zn to ZnO for in situ
8 J. Cui, J. Tan, T. Deng, X. Cui, Y. Zhu and Y. Li, Green Chem.,
2016, 18, 1619–1624.
9 J. Zhang, S. Wu, B. Li and H. Zhang, ChemCatChem, 2012, 4,
1230–1237.
hydrogen production throughout the water splitting reaction, 10 J. Q. Bond, D. M. Alonso, D. Wang, R. M. West and
instead of using high pressure molecular hydrogen, is J. A. Dumesic, Science, 2010, 327, 1110–1114.
proposed. Remarkable GVL yields up to 26% are obtained using 11 S. Dutta, I. K. M. Yu, D. C. W Tsang, Y. H. Ng, Y. S. Ok,
an optimum Ni-supported catalyst prepared by impregnation
with oxalic acid. For this catalyst, 80% of the nickel particles are
J. Sherwood and J. H. Clark, Chem. Eng. J., 2019, 372, 992–
1006.
smaller than 4 nm, which are homogeneously distributed on 12 P. P. Upare, J. M. Lee, D. W. Hwang, S. B. Halligudi,
the external surface of the support. Accordingly, the presence of
very small Ni nanoparticles nely dispersed on the sepiolite
Y. K. Hwang and J. S. Chang, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2011, 17,
287–289.
support seems to be the key parameter leading to remarkable 13 W. Luo, M. Sankar, A. M. Beale, Q. He, C. J. Kiely,
productivities per Ni site. Regarding the role of Zn, in situ
generated hydrogen demonstrates to be of paramount impor-
P. C. A. Bruijnincx and B. M. Weckhuysen, Nat. Commun.,
2015, 6, 6540–6550.
tance facilitating the hydrogenation of LA into GVL, since 14 S. Cao, J. R. Monnier, C. T. Williams, W. Diao and
marginal GVL yield is achieved when gas phase hydrogen at
atmospheric pressure is used in the reaction media.
J. R. Regalbuto, J. Catal., 2015, 326, 69–81.
15 W. Luo, U. Deka, A. M. Beale, E. R. H. van Eck,
P. C. A. Bruijnincx and B. M. Weckhuysen, J. Catal., 2013,
3
01, 175–186.
Conflicts of interest
1
1
1
6 S. Cao, J. R. Monnier and J. R. Regalbuto, J. Catal., 2017, 347,
72–78.
7 K. Shimizu, S. Kannoa and K. Kona, Green Chem., 2014, 16,
3
8 S. Ishikawa, D. R. Jones, S. Iqbal, C. Reece, D. J. Morgan,
D. J. Willock, P. J. Miedziak, J. K. Bartley, J. K. Edwards,
T. Murayama, W. Ueda and G. J. Hutchings, Green Chem.,
2017, 19, 225–236.
There are no conicts to declare.
899–3903.
Acknowledgements
Authors from UCM thank MINECO (MAT2017-84118-C2-2-R
project) and UCM CAI center of EM. Authors from UV thank
MINECO (MAT2017-84118-C2-1-R project) and FEDER for
funding. A. G. thanks MINECO for the pre-doctoral grant. SCSIE 19 I. Orlowski, M. Douthwaite, S. Iqbal, J. S. Hayward,
from UV is also acknowledged for characterization of the
materials employed and the GC-MS analyses. Said Agouram is
acknowledged for assistance in microscopy experiments.
T. E. Davies, J. K. Bartley, P. J. Miedziak, J. Hirayama,
D. J. Morgan, D. J. Willock and G. J. Hutchings, J. Energy
Chem., 2019, 36, 15–24.
Miranda S ´a nchez is acknowledged for assistance in catalytic 20 K. Sakakibara, K. Endo and T. Osawa, Catal. Commun., 2019,
work.
125, 52–55.
2
2
1 R. Sanchis, T. Garc ´ı a, A. Dejoz, I. V ´a zquez, F. Llopis and
B. E. Solsona, Materials, 2019, 12, 2918–2934.
2 K. Shimizu, S. Kanno and K. Kon, Green Chem., 2014, 16,
3899–3903.
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