Paper
RSC Advances
MOH catalyst under the same reaction conditions. Hence, in 11 L. Han, H. Li, S.-J. Choi, M.-S. Park, S.-M. Lee, Y.-J. Kim and
viewpoint of both catalyst preparation and catalytic activity, the D.-W. Park, Appl. Catal., A, 2012, 429, 67–72.
present g-C3N4 materials could serve potential heterogeneous 12 X. Zhang, D. Wang, N. Zhao, A. S. Al-Ari, T. Aouak, Z. A. Al-
catalysts for efficient cycloaddition of CO2.
Othman, W. Wei and Y. Sun, Catal. Commun., 2009, 11, 43–
46.
13 W. Cheng, X. Chen, J. Sun, J. Wang and S. Zhang, Catal.
Today, 2013, 200, 117–124.
4. Conclusion
14 S. Udayakumar, M.-K. Lee, H.-L. Shim, S.-W. Park and
D.-W. Park, Catal. Commun., 2009, 10, 659–664.
15 J. Xu, M. Xu, J. Wu, H. Wu, W.-H. Zhang and Y.-X. Li, RSC
Adv., 2015, 5, 72361–72368.
16 J. Xu, K.-Z. Long, Y. Wang, B. Xue and Y.-X. Li, Appl. Catal., A,
2015, 496, 1–8.
In summary, we have developed a facile and fast strategy to
fabricate g-C3N4 materials. The using of NaOH or KOH could
effectively reduce the threshold temperatures of the formation
of g-C3N4, enabling GndCl to be smoothly converted into g-C3N4
at 450–475 ꢀC. Due to the condensation with a higher level, the
g-C3N4-NaOH materials had much more bridging tertiary N
atoms than g-C3N4-direct samples. In the cycloaddition of CO2
to PO, both g-C3N4-NaOH and g-C3N4-KOH samples showed
good catalytic performances, higher than the results received
over g-C3N4-direct sample under the same reaction conditions.
Meanwhile, the g-C3N4-NaOH can be reused for at least ve
times without any loss of catalytic activity. Compared with other
mesoporous and supported g-C3N4 materials, the present g-
C3N4 samples were synthesized with an easier method, while
manifesting a promising catalytic application for the cycload-
dition of CO2 to PC.
17 A. Thomas, A. Fischer, F. Goettmann, M. Antonietti,
¨
¨
J.-O. Muller, R. Schlogl and J. M. Carlsson, J. Mater. Chem.,
2008, 18, 4893–4908.
18 Y. Gong, M. Li, H. Li and Y. Wang, Green Chem., 2015, 17,
715–736.
19 J. Zhu, P. Xiao, H. Li and S. A. C. Carabineiro, ACS Appl.
Mater. Interfaces, 2014, 6, 16449–16465.
20 X. Wang, K. Maeda, A. Thomas and K. Takanabe, Nat. Mater.,
2009, 8, 76–80.
21 F. Su, S. C. Mathew, G. Lipner, X. Fu, M. Antonietti,
S. Blechert and X. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132,
16299–16301.
Acknowledgements
22 S. Cao, J. Low, J. Yu and M. Jaroniec, Adv. Mater., 2015, 27,
2150–2176.
23 F. Goettmann, A. Fischer, M. Antonietti and A. Thomas,
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2006, 45, 4467–4471.
24 M. B. Ansari, B.-H. Min, Y.-H. Mo and S.-E. Park, Green
Chem., 2011, 13, 1416–1421.
This work was supported by National Natural Science Founda-
tion of China (21203014 and 21376032), Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology (BM2012110),
and the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program
Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
25 J. Xu, T. Chen, Q. Jiang and Y.-X. Li, Chem.–Asian J., 2014, 9,
3269–3277.
26 Y. Zheng, J. Liu, J. Liang, M. Jaroniec and S. Z. Qiao, Energy
Environ. Sci., 2012, 5, 6717–6731.
Notes and references
1 J. Roeser, K. Kailasam and A. Thomas, ChemSusChem, 2012, 27 S. S. Park, S.-W. Chu, C. Xue, D. Zhao and C.-S. Ha, J. Mater.
5, 1793–1799.
Chem., 2011, 21, 10801–10807.
2 M. North, R. Pasquale and C. Young, Green Chem., 2010, 12, 28 Q. Li, J. Yang, D. Feng, Z. Wu, Q. Wu, S. S. Park, C.-S. Ha and
1514–1539. D. Zhao, Nano Res., 2010, 3, 632–642.
3 J. Ma, N. Sun, X. Zhang, N. Zhao, F. Xiao, W. Wei and Y. Sun, 29 F. Su, M. Antonietti and X. Wang, Catal.: Sci. Technol., 2012,
Catal. Today, 2009, 148, 221–231. 2, 1005–1009.
4 W.-L. Dai, S.-L. Luo, S.-F. Yin and C.-T. Au, Appl. Catal., A, 30 S. N. Talapaneni, S. Anandan, G. P. Mane, C. Anand,
2009, 366, 2–12.
5 W.-L. Dai, B. Jin, S.-L. Luo, S.-F. Yin, X.-B. Luo and C.-T. Au, J.
CO2 Util., 2013, 3–4, 7–13.
6 R. A. Watile, K. M. Deshmukh, K. P. Dhake and
B. M. Bhanage, Catal.: Sci. Technol., 2012, 2, 1051–1055.
7 A. Ion, V. Parvulescu, P. Jacobs and D. De Vos, Appl. Catal., A,
2009, 363, 40–44.
D. S. Dhawale, S. Varghese, A. Mano, T. Mori and A. Vinu,
J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 9831–9840.
31 J. Xu, K. Shen, B. Xue and Y.-X. Li, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem.,
2013, 372, 105–113.
32 M. B. Ansari, H. Jin, M. N. Parvin and S.-E. Park, Catal.
Today, 2012, 185, 211–216.
33 J. Xu, T. Chen, X. Wang, B. Xue and Y.-X. Li, Catal.: Sci.
Technol., 2014, 4, 2126–2133.
8 J.-Q. Wang, J. Sun, W.-G. Cheng, C.-Y. Shi, K. Dong,
X.-P. Zhang and S.-J. Zhang, Catal.: Sci. Technol., 2012, 2, 34 X. Jin, V. V. Balasubramanian, S. T. Selvan, D. P. Sawant,
600–605.
M. A. Chari, G. Q. Lu and A. Vinu, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.,
2009, 48, 7884–7887.
35 F. Goettmann, A. Thomas and M. Antonietti, Angew. Chem.,
Int. Ed., 2007, 46, 2717–2720.
9 X.-Y. Liu, L.-B. Sun, X.-D. Liu, A.-G. Li, F. Lu and X.-Q. Liu,
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2013, 5, 9823–9829.
10 M. H. Anthofer, M. E. Wilhelm, M. Cokoja, I. I. Markovits,
¨
¨
A. Pothig, J. Mink, W. A. Herrmann and F. E. Kuhn, Catal.: 36 D.-H. Lan, H.-T. Wang, L. Chen, C.-T. Au and S.-F. Yin,
Sci. Technol., 2014, 4, 1749–1758.
Carbon, 2016, 100, 81–89.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016
RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 55382–55392 | 55391