OXIDATION OF ATRAZINE
2181
4. M. Graymore, F. Stagnitti, and G. Allinson, Environ.
results and the current literature data allows us to pro-
pose the mechanism of atrazine conversion in the oxi-
dizing system {PS + solar} shown in Fig. 4.
Int. 26, 483 (2001).
5. L. W. Hall, R. D. Anderson, and M. S. Ailstock, Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33, 261 (1997).
The components of the aqueous matrix have a sub-
stantial effect on the oxidative degradation of microp-
ollutants. Comparative experiments on the oxidation
of atrazine in solutions prepared with natural surface
water from Lake Baikal revealed that in the natural
matrix, the initial rate of oxidation of atrazine rose by
130%, but the efficiency of its removal after one hour
of treatment remained the same (see table). The role
of promoters could in this case be played by organic
substances present in the natural water, which under
the action of solar radiation form organic radicals that
participate in the oxidation of atrazine. When atrazine
is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide, however, the matrix
has no effect on the rate and efficiency of the process.
It is possible that the anions present in natural water
(e.g., hydrocarbonates, carbonates, and chlorides)
nullify the promoting role of the organic matter in the
matrix. The rate constants of the reaction between car-
bonates and bicarbonates with sulfate anion radicals
are two orders of magnitude lower than those with
hydroxyl radicals [41], which are therefore more sensi-
tive to their presence.
6. O. N. Gorbatova, A. V. Zherdev, and O. V. Koroleva,
Usp. Biol. Khim. 46, 323 (2006).
7. J. T. Sanderson, R. J. Letcher, M. Heneweer, et al.,
Environ. Health Persp. 109, 1027 (2001).
8. Monitoring of Pesticides in the Environment Objects of
Russian Federation in 2013, The Yearbook (VNIIGMI-
MTsD, Obninsk, 2014) [in Russian].
9. P. L. Buston and J. J. Pignatello, Water Res. 33, 1238
(1999).
10. T. Mackul’ak, J. Prousek, and L. Svorc, Monatsh.
Chem./Chem. Mon. 142, 561 (2011).
11. E. Pelizzetti, V. Maurino, C. Minero, et al., Environ.
Sci. Technol. 24, 1559 (1990).
12. J. C. Barreiroa, M. D. Capelatoa, L. Martin-Netob,
et al., Water Res. 41, 55 (2007).
13. A. N. Ngigi, Z. M. Getenga, U. Doerfler, et al.,
J. Environ. Sci. Health, Pt. B 48, 40 (2013).
14. S. Horikoshi and H. Hidaka, Chemosphere 51, 139
(2003).
15. G. P. Anipsitakis and D. D. Dionysiou, Appl. Catal. B:
Environ. 54, 155 (2004).
16. P. Neta and R. E. Huie, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17,
513 (1988).
CONCLUSIONS
17. P. V. Nidheesh, R. Gandhimathi, and S. Th. Ramesh,
Our results demonstrate the fundamental possibil-
ity of the complete conversion of atrazine by persulfate
activated by solar radiation; further studies using pho-
toactive catalysts are needed to achieve deep mineral-
ization.
Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20, 2099 (2013).
18. H.-J. Choi, D. Kim, and T.-J. Lee, J. Environ. Sci.
Health, Pt. B 48, 927 (2013).
19. S. M. Sarmento and J. T. Miranda, Water Sci. Technol.
69, 2279 (2014).
We found that an additive or a synergetic effect are
observed during the photochemical oxidation of atra-
zine in an aqueous solution by hydrogen peroxide or
persulfate, respectively, under the impact of solar radi-
ation (synergistic index, 6.65). Almost complete con-
version of atrazine is achieved by photochemical oxi-
dation with persulfate after 120 min, but deep miner-
alization is not observed. During the photooxidation
of atrazine by persulfate in a natural matrix, the initial
rate of oxidation grows by 130%. The organic com-
pounds present in natural water could have a promot-
ing effect.
20. L. J. Xu, W. Chu, and N. Graham, J. Hazard. Mater.
275, 166 (2014).
21. M. G. Antoniou and H. R. Andersen, Chemosphere
119, 81 (2015).
22. C. A. P. Arellano, A. J. Gonzalez, S. S. Martinez, et al.,
J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 272, 21 (2013).
23. M. Hincapie, M. I. Maldonado, I. Oller, et al., Catal.
Today 101, 203 (2005).
24. M. Jiménez, I. Oller, M. I. Maldonado, et al., Catal.
Today 161, 214 (2011).
25. A. Tsitonaki, B. Petri, M. Crimi, H. Mosbæk, et al.,
Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 55 (2010).
26. M. R. Sizykh, A. A. Batoeva, and D. G. Aseev, Russ. J.
Phys. Chem. A 89, 1785 (2015).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
27. M. R. Sizykh and A. A. Batoeva, Nauch. Obozren.,
This work was supported by Russian Science Foun-
dation, project no. 14-14-00279.
No. 15, 232 (2015).
28. E. R. Weiner, Applications of Environmental Chemistry
(Lewis, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2000).
29. J. A. Khan, X. He, H. M. Khan, et al., Chem. Eng. J.
REFERENCES
218, 376 (2013).
1. K. Bester, Helgoland Mar. Res. 54, 95 (2000).
2. S. L. Dewey, Ecology 67, 148 (1986).
30. S. Malato, J. Blanco, A. Vidal, et al., Appl. Catal. B:
Environ. 37, 1 (2002).
3. J. S. S. Lakshminarayana, H. J. O’Neil, S. D. Jon- 31. M. Jimenez, I. Oller, M. I. Maldonado, et al., Catal.
navithula, et al., Environ. Pollut. 76, 201 (1992). Today 161, 214 (2011).
RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A Vol. 90 No. 11 2016