Paper
RSC Advances
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of
China (21676227, 20976147), the Key Project of Hunan Provin-
cial Natural Science Foundation of China (09JJ3021), the Key
Laboratory Open Foundation of Higher Education Institutions
of Hunan Province (12K047).
References
1 R. D. Patil and Y. Sasson, Appl. Catal., A, 2015, 499, 227–231.
2 X. Xuan, L. Haoran and W. Yong, ChemCatChem, 2015, 6,
3328–3332.
3 J. Hong, Q. Zhengyan, L. Ying, H. Jun, C. Rizhi and
X. Weihong, Chem. Eng. J., 2016, 284, 724–732.
4 H. Shuo, Z. Xiang, Q. Zhengyan, J. Hong, L. Yefei, H. Jun,
X. Weihong and C. Rizhi, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2017, 53, 333–
340.
5 Z. Fengwei, C. Shuai, L. Huan, Z. Xianming and
Y. Hengquan, RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 102811–102817.
6 M. Juan and C. Avelino, Appl. Catal., A, 2011, 404, 103–112.
7 N. Mahata, K. V. Raghavan, V. Vishwanathan, C. Parkb and
M. A. Keane, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2001, 3, 2712–2719.
8 G. S. Sheldon, D. Errun, P. Colin and A. K. Mark, J. Mol. Catal.
A: Chem., 2004, 212, 291–300.
Fig. 6 The XRD patterns of catalysts, (a) Pd/@-CeO2/AC, (b) once-used
Pd/@-CeO2/AC, (c) Pd/@-La2O3/AC, (d) once-used Pd/@-La2O3/AC.
Aer the reaction, the catalysts were recycled for phenol
hydrogenation. The activity of Pd/@-La2O3/AC and Pd/@-CeO2/
AC were decreased. The XRD patterns of the once-used Pd/
@-La2O3/AC and once-used Pd/@-CeO2/AC were shown in Fig. 6.
The Pd peaks of once-used catalysts were weakened, due to the
destruction of the special structural and lost its portion activity
component. Further study for the repeatability of the catalysts is
still carried out.
9 W. Shingo and A. Venu, Top. Catal., 2010, 53, 1150–1152.
10 M. Kohsuke, F. Ken, O. Shusuke and Y. Hiromi, Chem.
Commun., 2012, 48, 8886–8888.
4. Conclusions
Novel complex nanostructured catalysts Pd/@-La2O3/AC and Pd/
@-CeO2/AC have been successfully fabricated via a photochem-
ical route. The prepared catalysts Pd/@-La2O3/AC and Pd/
@-CeO2/AC exhibited excellent performance of phenol hydroge-
nation under mild conditions. The results shown that 100%
conversion of phenol and a selectivity higher than 96% were
11 Y. Hiroshi, N. Satomi, F. Shinichiro and A. Masahiko, J. Mol.
Catal. A: Chem., 2013, 379, 80–85.
12 M. S. Priscilla, C. R. N. Raimundo, E. P. B. Luiz, J. Gary,
H. D. Burtron, M. G. Uschi, E. R. Daniel and B. N. Fabio,
ACS Catal., 2015, 5, 7385–7398.
13 G. Qingqing, Z. Yanhua, S. Junjun, C. XinSheng, G. Junjie,
M. Rongrong, L. Bin and N. Ping, Chem. Eng. J., 2016, 299,
63–73.
14 K. Sergey, M. Anton, Z. Anna and K. Eduard, Catal. Commun.,
2016, 73, 63–68.
15 L. Huizhen, J. Tao, H. Buxing, L. Shuguang and Z. Yinxi,
Science, 2009, 326, 1250–1252.
16 W. Yong, Y. Jia, L. Haoran, S. Dangsheng and A. Markus, J.
Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 2362–2365.
17 Z. Mengsi, S. Juanjuan and H. Zhaoyin, Chin. J. Catal., 2016,
37, 234–239.
18 C. Jinzhu, Z. Wei, C. Limin, M. Longlong, G. Hui and
W. Tiejun, ChemPlusChem, 2013, 78, 142–148.
19 C. Aibing, L. Yonglei, C. Jinzhu, Z. Guoying, M. Longlong
and Y. Yifeng, ChemPlusChem, 2013, 78, 1370–1378.
20 C. Aibing, Z. Guoying, C. Jinzhu, C. Limin and Y. Yifeng, RSC
Adv., 2013, 3, 4171–4175.
21 X. Guangyue, G. Jianhua, Y. Zhang, Y. Fu, C. Jinzhu,
M. Longlong and G. Qingxiang, ChemCatChem, 2015, 7,
2485–2492.
ꢀ
achieved within 3 h at 70 C and 0.7 MPa H2 pressure, and the
activity of Pd complex nanostructured catalyst was better than
that of supported Pd on the metal oxide or AC directly. Further-
more, H2O was used as solvent, the prepared complex nano-
structured catalysts also exhibited remarkable performance of
phenol hydrogenation. It is indicated that the remarkable activity
of these complex nanostructured catalysts may be ascribed to the
synergistic effect of the interaction between active component
nano-Pd and atom-layer rare-earth oxide, and enhance effect of
electron of complex nanostructured catalysts, and formation of
more contact interface due to the high dispersion of Pd particles
on the large surface area support La2O3/AC and CeO2/AC. This
work demonstrated that novel complex nanostructured catalysts
Pd/@-La2O3/AC and Pd/@-CeO2/AC prepared via a photochem-
ical route exhibited synergistic catalysis of nano-Pd and rare-
earth oxide, and opened a new direction of complex nano-
structured catalyst. The synergistic catalysis of complex nano-
structured catalyst opened a promising direction to developing
nanostructured catalyst for heterogeneous catalytic reaction.
22 Y. Ye, W. Zhimiao, A. Hualiang, X. Wei and W. Yanji, Chin. J.
Catal., 2015, 36, 1142–1154.
23 L. Lianjun, C. Yuan, S. Wenjing, Y. Zhijian, L. Bin, G. Fei and
D. Lin, Catal. Today, 2011, 175, 48–54.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conicts to declare.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017
RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 54779–54788 | 54787