UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AS AN INSECTICIDE
119
TABLE II. Comparison of activity of unsaturated fatty
acids with saturated fatty acids
Carmichael, W. W. J Appl Bacteriol 1992, 72, 445᎐459.
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bridge, UK, 1996; Introduction.
Concentration
ŽmgrmL.
Time
24:00
No.
Sample
1
2
3
4
5
Palmitic acid Ž16 : 0.
Stearic acid Ž18 : 0.
Oleic acid Ž18 : 1.
Linoleic acid Ž18 : 2.
␥-Linolenic acid Ž18 : 3.
1
1
1
1
1
"
ᎏ
qq
qq
qq"
Falconer, I. R. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 1991, 6, 177᎐184.
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qqq: annihilation, qq": almost annihilation, qq: half of
the larvae dead, q: some larvae dead, ": unclear activity, ᎏ: no
activity.
1
990, 265, 19410᎐19404.
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994, 10, 517᎐520.
1
998; Ikawa et al., 1996; Morohashi et al. 1991.. Based
on the results obtained from the present and previous
studies, the activity of unsaturated fatty acids to
mosquito larvae may be derived from the inhibition of
Na rK -ATPase. Similarly, brine shrimp, Artemia
salina, would be affected by the unsaturated fatty acids
in cyanobacteria, because it showed inhibitory behavior
similar to mosquito larvae ŽKiviranta and Abdel-
Hameed, 1994; Morohashi et al., 1991..
1
1
q
q
Kiviranta, J.; Sivonen, K.; Niemel ¨a , S. I.; Huovinen, K. Envi-
ron Toxicol Water Qual 1991, 6, 423᎐436.
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Cambridge, UK, 1996; Chap 1.
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Codd, G. A. Detection Methods for Cyanobacterial Toxins;
The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, UK, 1994; pp
Several invertebrates such as brine shrimp, mosquito,
and Daphnia have been investigated for use in routine
bioassays for cyanobacterial toxins such as microcystins
and anatoxins ŽKiviranta et al., 1991; Lawton et al.,
1
11᎐116.
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1
994.. Of these, the brine shrimp Ž Artemia salina. has
been the most popular and is available in commercial
kit. In this study such invertebrates were affected by
nontoxic cyanobacterium, suggesting that the observed
toxicity of toxic cyanobacterium is derived not only
from cyanobacterial toxins but also from unsaturated
fatty acids, when a bioassay with invertebrates was
used.
After the bioassay method was developed for these
hydrophobic compounds, we further demonstrated that
unsaturated fatty acids from cyanobacterium also have
an activity against mosquito larvae. At present it is
impossible to establish whether nontoxic cyanobacteria
could be used as an origin for safe insecticides which
should not cause serious damage to the environment.
We are now focusing on another activity of the water-
soluble fraction from this cyanobacterium.
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2
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3
Nishiwaki-Matsushima R.; Ohta, T.; Nishiwaki, S.; Suganuma,
M.; Kohyama, K.; Ishikawa, T.; Carmichael, W. W.; Fujiki,
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We thank Dr. Jussi Meriluoto, Department of Biochem-
istry and Pharmacy, A¨ bo Akademi University, Finland, for
Rinehart, K. L.; Namikoshi, M.; Choi, B. W. J Appl Phycol
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helpful discussions.
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