Paper
RSC Advances
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temp. 270ꢀ1C, initial temp. 150 C, hold 1 min, then heated at
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Recycling experiment of sPS-S catalyst in Table 2
Dodecanoic acid (20.0 g, 100 mmol), sPS-S (0.1 g, 0.5 wt%) and
methanol (65 mL, 16 equiv.) were added to aꢁ250 mL two-neck
ask. The reaction mixture was stirred at 65 C with a stirring
speed of 700 rpm and reaction progress was monitored using
GC-MS. Aer ltration, the ltered solid catalyst was washed
with hot methanol (60 mL) and dried at 75 ꢁC under vacuum for
12 h. The weight of recovered solid catalyst was measured and
the percentage of recovered yield in each cycle is included in
Table 2. The recovered catalyst was directly used for the next
reaction cycle without any further treatment.
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6 (a) G. Arzamendi, I. Campo, E. Arguinarena, M. Sanchez,
Conclusions
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M. Montes and L. M. Gandıa, Chem. Eng. J., 2007, 134, 123;
(b) K. G. Georgogianni, M. G. Kontominas, E. Tegou,
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and L. M. Stencel, Energy Fuels, 2008, 22, 2005; (c)
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R. S. Parnas, Green Chem., 2008, 10, 1331.
In summary, we have developed a polystyrene-supported uo-
roalkyl sulfonic acid catalyst via C–H borylation and Suzuki
coupling reactions. This new superacidic solid catalyst showed
high catalytic activity in esterication of fatty acids and trans-
esterication of triglycerides, which are the key synthetic
processes of biodiesel production. Despite a lower sulfonic acid
content and a lower surface area, the superacidic sPS-S catalyst
showed a signicantly higher activity than that of Amberlyst 15.
sPS-S catalyst also showed excellent recyclability with quanti-
tative recovery yields and maintained high activity even aer ten
cycles of consecutive runs. Development of highly porous resins
containing this type of superacidic group is now undergoing in
our laboratory and will be reported elsewhere in due course.
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Acknowledgements
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The generous support of National Science Foundation (CAREER
DMR-0747667), Nevada Renewable Energy Consortium, and a
gi of B2pin2 from Frontier Scientic Co. are gratefully
acknowledged. CL acknowledges an intership of KUSCO WEST
Program.
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