R
IL = ((1 - C
P
/C
F
) ¥ 100%) with C
P
the concentration of the
6 C. Van Doorslaer, J. Wahlen, P. G. N. Mertens, B. Thijs, P.
Nockemann, K. Binnemans and D. E. De Vos, ChemSusChem, 2008,
ionic liquid in the permeate and C
F
the concentration of the ionic
1
, 997.
liquid in the feed. The ionic liquid concentration in feed and
permeate was measured using conductometry using a Consort
K 620 laboratory conductometer with Pt electrode. Firstly, a
calibration curve which indicates the ionic liquid concentration
as a function of the measured current was made based on
mixtures with known ionic liquid concentrations. Based on
this curve, the ionic liquid concentration in the permeates was
determined.
7
H. Wong, C. J. Pink, F. C. Ferreira and A. G. Livingston, Green
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8 A. Cano-Odena, P. Vandezande, D. Fournier, W. Van Camp, F. E.
Du Prez and I. F. J. Vankelecom, Chem.–Eur. J., 2010, 16, 1061.
9
J. Kr o¨ ckel and U. Kragl, Chem. Eng. Technol., 2003, 26, 1166.
1
1
0 S. Han, H. T. Wong and A. G. Livingston, Chem. Eng. Res. Des.,
2005, 83, 309.
1 (a) P. Deslongchamps and C. Moreau, Can. J. Chem., 1971, 49,
2
465; (b) P. Deslongchamps, P. Atlani, D. Frehel, A. Malaval and
C. Moreau, Can. J. Chem., 1974, 52, 3651; (c) R. J. Taillefer, S. E.
Thomas, Y. Nadeau, S. Fliszar and H. Henry, Can. J. Chem., 1980,
58, 1138.
In the multi-step filtration experiments, the permeate was
collected from just after the pressurisation until 4 ml of the feed
1
1
1
2 A. Behr and J. P. Gomes, Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 2010, 112, 31.
3 P. A. Thomas and B. B. Marvey, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2009, 10, 5020.
4 A. K o¨ ckritz, M. Blumenstein and A. Martin, Eur. J. Lipid Sci.
Technol., 2009, 111, 58.
(
9 mL) had permeated. The same high throughput filtration cell
and conditions were used as in the single step filtration. After
filtration, the filtration cell was depressurized and approximately
4
ml of 2-butanone was added to the permeate, to reach again the
15 C. Goebel, A. Brown, H. Oehlschlaeger, R. Rolfes, US Patent no.
2
813113, United States Patent Office, 1957.
initial feed volume (9 ml). This new feed was then subjected to a
next filtration step. In total, three filtration steps were performed.
1
1
6 J. Pernak and I. Goc, Pol. J. Chem., 2003, 77, 975.
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1
1
8 J. L. Anthony, J. L. Anderson, E. J. Maginn and J. F. Brennecke,
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