RISK PERCEPTION IN HIGH-RISK WOMEN
239
accurate risk perception and appropriate measures to be taken. It will become in-
creasingly important to provide sufficient and appropriate information about risk
for the public to prevent high levels of psychological distress.
REFERENCES
Chang-Claude, J. (1997). Genetische Disposition bei Krebserkrankungen von Frauen [Genetic disposi-
tion for cancer in women]. Forum, 8, 595–597.
Clauss, E. B, Risch, N. J., & Thompson, W. D. (1990). Age at onset as an indicator of familial risk of
breast cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 131, 961–972.
Cull, A., Anderson, E. D. C., Campbell, S., Mackay, J., Smyth, E., & Steel, M. (1999). The impact of ge-
netic counselling about breast cancer risk on women’s risk perceptions and levels of distress. British
Journal of Cancer, 79, 501–508.
Drossaert, C. C., Boer, H., & Seydel, E. R. (1996). Perceived risk, anxiety, mammogram uptake, and
breast self-examination of women with a family history of breast cancer: The role of knowing to be
at increased risk. Cancer Detection and Prevention, 20, 76–85.
Easton, D., Bishop, D. T., Ford, D., & Crockford, G. P. (1993). Genetic linkage analysis in familial
breast and ovarian cancer: Results from 214 families. The breast cancer linkage consortium. Ameri-
can Journal of Human Genetics, 52, 678–701.
Evans, D. G. R., Blair, V., Greenhalgh, R., Hopwood, P., & Howell, A. (1994). The impact of genetic
counselling on risk perception in women with a family history of breast cancer. British Journal of
Cancer, 70, 934–938.
Evans, D. G. R., Burnell, L. D., Hopwood, P., & Howell, A. (1993). Perception of risk in women with a
family history of breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 67, 612–614.
Franke, G. (1995). SCL–90–R. Die Symptom-Checkliste von Derogatis. Deutsche Version [The Symp-
tom Checklist by Derogatis. German version]. Göttingen, Germany: Beltz Test GmbH.
Kash, K. M., Holland, J. C., Halper, M. S., & Miller, D.G. (1992). Psychological distress and surveil-
lance behaviors of women with a family history of breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer In-
stitute, 84, 24–30.
Laux, L., Glanzman, P., Schaffner, P., & Spielberger, C. D. (1981). Das State–Trait-Angstinventar.
Theoretische Grundlagen und Handanweisung. [The State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. Theoretical
basis and manual]. Göttingen, Germany: Beltz Test GmbH.
Lerman, C., Daly, M., Sands, C., Balshem, A., Lustbader, E., Heggan, T., Goldstein, L., James, J., &
Engstrom, P. (1993). Mammography adherence and psychological distress among women at risk for
breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 85, 1074–1080.
Lerman, C., Hughes, H., Croyle, R. T., Main, D., Durham, C., Snyder, C., Bonney, A., Lynch, J. F.,
Narod, S. A., & Lynch, H. T. (2000). Prophylactic surgery decisions and surveillance practices one
year following BRCA1/2 testing. Preventive Medicine, 31, 75–80.
Lerman, C., Kash, K., & Stefanek, M. (1994). Younger women at increased risk for breast cancer: Per-
ceived risk, psychological well-being, andsurveillance behavior. Journal of the National Cancer In-
stitute Monographs, 16, 171–176.
Lloyd, S., Watson, M., Waites, B., Meyer, L., Eeles, R., Ebbs, S., & Tylee, A. (1996). Familial breast
cancer: A controlled study of risk perception, psychological morbidity and health beliefs in women
attending for genetic counselling. British Journal of Cancer, 74, 482–487.
Smith, B. L., Gadd, M. A., Lawler, C., MacDonald, D. J., Grudberg, S. C., Chi, F. S., Carlson, K.,
Comegno, A., & Souba, W. W. (1996). Perception of breast cancer risk among women in breast cen-
ter and primary care settings: Correlation with age and family history of breast cancer. American
Journal of Surgery, 120, 297–303.