S82
PORELL AND MILTIADES
ferentially affect the development of IADL disability: Implications for
medical care and research. The Gerontologist, 35, 444–450.
older women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271,
1093–1098.
Garfinkel, S., Bonito, A., & McLeroy, K. R. (1987). Socioeconomic factors
and Medicare supplemental health insurance. Health Care Financing Re-
view, 9, 21–30.
Gillick, M. R. (1987). The impact of health maintenance organizations on
geriatric care. Annals of Internal Medicine, 106, 139–143.
Goldman, D. P., Leibowitz, A., & Buchanan, J. L. (1998). Cost contain-
ment and adverse selection in Medicaid HMOs. Journal of the American
Statistical Association, 93, 54–62.
Lawrence, R. H., & Jette, A. M. (1996). Disentangling the disablement
process. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 51B, S173–S182.
Lillard, L. A., & Rogowski, J. (1995). Does supplemental private insur-
ance increase Medicare costs? (Rand Working Paper Series 95-16).
Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp.
Lillard, L. A., Rogowski, J., & Kington, R. (1997). Long-term determi-
nants of patterns of health insurance coverage in the Medicare population.
The Gerontologist, 37, 314–323.
Gruenberg, L., Tompkins, C., & Porell, F. (1989). The health status and
utilization patterns of the elderly: Implications for setting Medicare
payments to HMOs. Advances in Economics and Health Services Re-
search, 10, 41–74.
Guralnik, J. M., & Kaplan, G. A. (1989). Predictors of health aging: Pro-
spective evidence from the Alameda County Study. American Journal
of Public Health, 79, 703–708.
Guralnik, J. M., LaCroix, A. Z., Abbot, R. D., Berkman, L. F., Satterfield,
S., Evans, D. A., & Wallace, R. B. (1993). Maintaining mobility in late
life. I. Demographic characteristics and chronic conditions. American
Journal of Epidemiology, 137, 845–857.
Hellinger, F. (1998). The effect of managed care on quality: A review of
recent evidence. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 833–841.
Hogan, D. B., Ebly, E. M., & Fung, T. S. (1999). Disease, disability, and
age in cognitively intact seniors: Results from the Canadian Study of
Health and Aging. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 54A,
M77–M82.
Little, R. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1990). The analysis of social science data
with missing values. In J. Fox & J. S. Long (Eds.), Methods of modern
data analysis (pp. 374–409). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Liu, K., Wall, S., & Wissoker, D. (1997). Disability and Medicare costs of
elderly persons. Milbank Quarterly, 75, 461–494.
Liu, X., Liang, J., Muramatsu, N., & Sugisawa, H. (1995). Transitions in
functional status and active life expectancy among older people in Ja-
pan. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 50B, S383–S394.
Long, S., Settle, R., & Link, C. (1982). Who bears the burden of Medicare
cost sharing? Inquiry, 19, 222–234.
Manning, W. G., Newhouse, J. P., Duan, N., Keeler, E. B., Leibowitz, A.,
& Marquis, M. S. (1987). Health insurance and the demand for medical
care: Evidence from a randomized experiment. American Economic
Review, 77, 251–277.
McCall, N., Rice, T., Boismier, J., & West, R. (1991). Private health in-
surance and medical care utilization: Evidence from the Medicare
population. Inquiry, 28, 276–287.
Hogan, M., Eppig, F. J., & Waldo, D. R. (1995). Access to physicians.
Health Care Financing Review, 17, 243–248.
Hornbrook, M. C., & Berki, S. E. (1985). Practice mode and payment
method: Effects on use, cost, quality, and access. Medical Care, 23,
McCully, K., Leiper, C., Sanders, T., & Griffin, E. (1999). The effects of
peripheral vascular disease on gait. Journal of Gerontology: Biological
Sciences, 54A, B291–B294.
Mendes de Leon, C. F., Seemen, T. E., Baker, D. I., Richardson, E. D., &
Tinetti, M. E. (1995). Functional disability among elderly Blacks and
Whites in two diverse areas: The New Haven and North Carolina
EPESE. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 994–998.
Mentnech, R., Ross, W., Park, Y., & Brenner, S. (1995). An analysis of uti-
lization and access from the NHIS: 1984–92. Health Care Financing
Review, 17, 51–59.
Miller, M. E., Longino, C. F., Anderson, R. T., James, M. K., & Worley,
A. S. (1999). Functional status, assistance, and the risk of a commu-
nity-based move. The Gerontologist, 39, 187–200.
Miller, R. H., & Luft, H. S. (1994). Managed care plan performance since
1980: A literature analysis. Journal of the American Medical Associa-
tion, 271, 1512–1519.
4
84–508.
House, J. S., Lepkowski, J. M., Kinney, A. M., Mero, R. P., Kessler, R. C.,
Herzog, A. R. (1994). The social stratification of aging and health.
&
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 213–234.
Huber, P. (1967). The behavior of maximum likelihood estimates under
non-standard conditions. Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium
on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1, 221–233. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press.
Hurd, M. D., & McGarry, K. (1997). Medical insurance and the use of
health care services by the elderly. Journal of Health Economics, 16,
1
29–154.
Idler, E. L., & Kasl, S. V. (1991). Health perceptions and survival: Do glo-
bal evaluations of health status really predict mortality? Journal of
Gerontology: Social Sciences, 46, S55–S65.
Millman, M. (Ed.). (1993). Access to health care in America. Washington,
DC: National Academy Press.
Idler, E. L., & Kasl, S. V. (1995). Self-ratings of health: Do they also pre-
dict change in functional ability? Journal of Gerontology: Social
Sciences, 50B, S344–S353.
Mor, V., Wilcox, V., Rakowski, W., & Hiris, J. (1994). Functional transi-
tions among the elderly: Patterns, predictions, and related hospital use.
American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1274–1280.
Johnson, R. J., & Wolinsky, F. D. (1993). The structure of health status
among older adults: Disease, disability, functional limitation, and per-
ceived health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34, 105–121.
Kasper, J. D. (1997). Asking about access: Challenges for surveys in a
changing healthcare environment. Health Services Research, 33, 715–739.
Kasper, J. D., & Riley, G. (1992). Satisfaction with medical care among
elderly people in fee-for-service care and an HMO. Journal of Aging
and Health, 4, 282–302.
Mossey, J. M., & Shapiro, E. (1982). Self-rated health: A predictor of mor-
tality among the elderly. American Journal of Public Health, 72, 800–808.
Mutchler, J. E., & Burr, J. A. (1991). Racial differences in health and
health care service utilization in later life: The effect of socioeconomic
status. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32, 342–356.
Poisal, J. A., & Chulis, G. S. (2000). Medicare beneficiaries and drug cov-
erage. Health Affairs, 19, 248–256.
Pope, S. K., & Sowers, M. (2000). Functional status and hearing impair-
ments in women in midlife. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological
Sciences, 55B, S190–S194.
Kennedy, P. (1998). A guide to econometrics (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
Khandker, R. K., & McCormack, L. A. (1999). Medicare spending by ben-
eficiaries with various types of supplemental insurance. Medical Care
Research and Review, 56, 137–155.
Kington, R. S., & Smith, J. P. (1997). Socioeconomic status and racial and
ethnic differences in functional status associated with chronic diseases.
American Journal of Public Health, 87, 805–810.
Lamphere, J. A., & Rosenbach, M. L. (2000). Promises unfulfilled: Imple-
mentation of expanded coveraged for the elderly poor. Health Services
Research, 35, 207–218.
Landerman, L. R., Fillenbaum, G. G., Pieper, C. F., Maddox, G. L., Gold,
D. T., & Gurnalik, J. M. (1998). Private health insurance coverage and
disability among older Americans. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sci-
ences, 53B, S258–S266.
Reschovsky, J. D. (2000). Do HMOs make a difference? Data and meth-
ods. Inquiry, 36, 378–389.
Rice, D. P., & Feldman, J. J. (1983). Living longer in the United States:
Demographic changes and health needs of the elderly. Milbank Quar-
terly, 61, 362–396.
Rice, T., & McCall, N. (1985). The extent of ownership and characteristics
of Medicare supplemental policies. Inquiry, 22, 188–200.
Rice, T., & Morrison, K. R. (1994). Patient cost sharing for medical ser-
vices: A review of the literature and implications for health care
reform. Medical Care Research and Review, 51, 235–287.
Schlesinger, M. (1986). On the limits of expanding health care reform:
Chronic care in prepaid settings. Milbank Quarterly, 64, 189–215.
Seneff, M. G., Wagner, D. P., Wagner, R. P., Zimmerman, J. E., & Knaus,
W. A. (1995). Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to in-
tensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive
Launer, L. J., Harris, T., Rumpel, C., & Madans, J. (1994). Body mass in-
dex, weight change, and risk of mobility disability in middle-aged and