Molecules 2020, 25, 238
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at small scale and followed by TLC to monitor conversion to the corresponding amide. Where the
spot corresponding to the starting material disappeared completely, this was noted as full conversion
for the purposes of the figures and discussion in the paper. However, in the experimental section the
isolated yield is recorded. Due to the differences in ease of isolation of the different products, for a few
substrates there was a significant discrepancy between conversion and isolated yield.
Suzuki coupling reaction: general procedure. A benzonitrile derivative was reacted with the
boronic acid (1.2 eq) in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4 (5 mol%) and 2M Na2CO3 in DME, and the reaction
mixture was refluxed overnight under a nitrogen atmosphere. After completion, the reaction was
cooled and ethyl acetate and water were added. After separation, the organic layer was dried over
Na2SO4 and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The mixture was then purified using flash
silica gel column chromatography using 5% ethyl acetate/hexane.
The Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction: general procedure. A mixture of aldehyde◦(0.098 mol),
acrylonitrile (40 mL, 0.608 mol) and DABCO (10.9 g, 0.098 mol) was stirred at 0 C for 19 h.
After completion of the reaction, ethyl acetate and water were added to the reaction mixture. The organic
layer was separated, dried over MgSO4, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Products were purified
by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane.
Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé multicomponent reaction: general procedure. 2-Aminopyridine
(1.33 mmol), aldehyde (1.33 mmol), isocyanide (1.36 mmol) and montmorillonite K-10 clay (250 mg)
◦
were reacted in dioxane overnight at 100 C. After reaction, water and ethyl acetate were added,
and after extraction, the organic layer was concentrated in vacuo. The desired product was purified by
silica gel flash chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate and hexane.
General method for preparation of 18a and 18b. Tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)-di-palladium (0)
[Pd2dba3] (28 mg, 3 mol %), rac-BINAP (38 mg, 6 mol %), 1,4-dioxane (3–5 mL) and a magnetic stirrer
(Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany)) were added to an oven-dried 10 mL round bottomed flask and
purged with nitrogen. The flask was sealed and heated with stirring at 80 ◦C in an oil bath for 5 min.
Thereafter, the appropriate carbonitrile substrate (1.0 mmol), 4-chlorophenol (128 mg, 2.0 mmol)) and
sodium tert-butoxide (1.5 mmol) were added and the sealed reaction heated at 110–120 ◦C for 24 h.
The cooled reaction mixture was filtered, and the excess solvent removed in vacuo to leave a crude
mixture which was re-dissolved in dichloromethane and filtered. The filtrate was washed successively
with aqueous saturated NaHCO3 (10 mL) and distilled water (2
Na2SO4 and evaporating excess solvent, the crude mixture was purified by silica gel flash column
chromatography, eluting the target with 0% to 3% EtOAc/hexane.
×
10 mL). After drying over anhydrous
Biocatalysis reaction: general procedure. The reaction was carried out using a 1:1 mass ratio of
purified NHase [41] and the substrate, with a total reaction volume of 2 mL.
Composition of the reaction mixture: 1800
(10%) of methanol or acetone. In a 2 mL Eppendorf, NHase (10 mg) was added followed by Tris
buffer. Nitrile substrate (10 mg dissolved in 200 L methanol or acetone) was added to the 2 mL
µL (90%) Tris buffer (50 mM, pH 7.6) and 200 µL
µ
Eppendorf tube. (If an amine group was present on the nitrile substrate a Tris buffer of pH 9 was
used). The reaction mixture was incubated at 30 ◦C on an ESCO Provocell microplate shaker/incubator
(Esco Technologies, Halfway House, South Africa) (199 rpm). The reaction was allowed to proceed for
24 h, 48 h or 5 d, depending on conversion, as monitored by TLC analysis. Ethyl acetate and water
were added to the reaction mixture, and after separation, the organic layer was concentrated under
reduced pressure, and the resulting mixture was then purified by silica gel column chromatography
eluting with 20% to 90% ethyl acetate/hexane.
Supplementary Materials: The following are available online, spectroscopic data for compounds
17–19, 22, 23, 25.
3, 5, 7–9, 12, 13,
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, D.B and M.L.B.; methodology, V.P.C.-G., M.L.B., A.R.M., D.B. validation
M.L.B.; formal analysis M.L.B., A.R.M.; investigation A.R.M.; writing—original draft preparation, M.L.B., D.B.;
writing—review and editing, V.P.C.-G., M.L.B., A.R.M., D.B.; visualization, D.B.; supervision, V.P.C.-G., M.L.B.,
D.B.; funding acquisition, D.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.