Paper
RSC Advances
was proved in Table 1. Few or no CPO or CPL was detected when 11 A. S. Mamman, J.-M. Lee, Y.-C. Kim, I. T. Hwang, N.-J. Park,
the modied Ni/Al2O3 was employed as catalyst. The high
activity of modied Ni/Al2O3 could be ascribed to the changed
Y. K. Hwang, J.-S. Chang and J.-S. Hwang, Biofuels, Bioprod.
Bioren., 2008, 2, 438.
interaction of Ni and support which was revealed by the H2-TPR 12 J. Chen, F. Lu, J. Zhang, W. Yu, F. Wang, J. Gao and J. Xu,
and XPS. This lead to the change in the adsorption ability of H2 ChemCatChem, 2013, 5, 2822.
over Ni which was proved by the H2-TPR. The decrease of 13 B. M. Nagaraja, A. H. Padmasri, B. David Raju and K. S. Rama
NiAl2O4 aer the modication was also responsible for the high Rao, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 2007, 265, 90.
activity. The relative contents was 62.0% for Ni/Al2O3 and 14 Rodiansono, S. Khairi, T. Hara, N. Ichikuni and S. Shimazu,
56.4%, 54.2%, 48.3%, 48.5% for Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba modied Catal. Sci. Technol., 2012, 2, 2139.
Ni/Al2O3 respectively (Table S1†). The NiAl2O4 had no hydroge- 15 S. Iqbal, X. Liu, O. F. Aldosari, P. J. Miedziak, J. K. Edwards,
nation activity. Consequently, the decrease of NiAl2O4 species
will lead to the increase in hydrogenation activity.
G. L. Brett, A. Akram, G. M. King, T. E. Davies, D. J. Morgan,
D. K. Knight and G. J. Hutchings, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2014, 4,
2280.
16 Y. Yang, Z. Du, Y. Huang, F. Lu, F. Wang, J. Gao and J. Xu,
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Conclusions
´
17 M. Hronec and K. Fulajtarova, Catal. Commun., 2012, 24,
In conclusion, the direct hydrogenation of furfural to THFA was
investigated over nickel-based catalysts Ni/M–Al2O3 (M ¼ Mg,
Ca, Sr, Ba) in water. The kinetic study proved that FA was an
intermediate. The modication of Al2O3 by alkaline earth
metals signicantly improved both the activity and selectivity of
THFA. Furfural could be converted to THFA with 98% yield over
Ni/Ba–Al2O3 under optimized conditions. The catalyst can be
used at least 4 times with no obvious decrease in the conversion
of furfural and selectivity of THFA.
100.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (21233008 and 21473184) and the “Stra-
tegic Priority Research Program-Climate Change: Carbon
Budget and Related Issues” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
(XDA05010203).
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