Journal of Organic Chemistry p. 6235 - 6243 (2016)
Update date:2022-08-11
Topics:
Zhang, Qi
Fu, Ming-Chen
Yu, Hai-Zhu
Fu, Yao
Mechanistic study has been carried out on the B(C6F5)3-catalyzed amine alkylation with carboxylic acid. The reaction includes acid-amine condensation and amide reduction steps. In condensation step, the catalyst-free mechanism is found to be more favorable than the B(C6F5)3-catalyzed mechanism, because the automatic formation of the stable B(C6F5)3-amine complex deactivates the catalyst in the latter case. Meanwhile, the catalyst-free condensation is constituted by nucleophilic attack and the indirect H2O-elimination (with acid acting as proton shuttle) steps. After that, the amide reduction undergoes a Lewis acid (B(C6F5)3)-catalyzed mechanism rather than a Br?nsted acid (B(C6F5)3-coordinated HCOOH)-catalyzed one. The B(C6F5)3)-catalyzed reduction includes twice silyl-hydride transfer steps, while the first silyl transfer is the rate-determining step of the overall alkylation catalytic cycle. The above condensation-reduction mechanism is supported by control experiments (on both temperature and substrates). Meanwhile, the predicted chemoselectivity is consistent with the predominant formation of the alkylation product (over disilyl acetal product).
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