November 2011
Preparation of Ba0.9Ca0.1TiO3 Plate-Like Grains
3721
4R. C. Pullar, Y. Zhang, L. Chen, S. Yang, J. R. G. Evans, A. N. Salak, D.
A. Kiselev, A. L. Kholkin, V. M. Ferreira, and N. M. Alford, “Dielectric
Measurements on a Novel Ba1-XCaxTiO3 (BCT) Bulk Ceramic Combinatorial
Library,” J. Electroceram., 22 [1–3] 245–51 (2009).
5Q. Jia, B. Shen, X. Hao, S. Song, and J. Zhai, “Anomalous Dielectric
Properties of Ba1-XCaxTiO3 Thin Films Near the Solubility Limit,” Mater.
Lett., 63 [3–4] 464–6 (2009).
6X. Cheng and M. Shen, “Different Microstructure and Dielectric Properties
of Ba1-XCaxTiO3 Ceramics and Pulsed-Laser-Ablated Films,” Mater. Res.
Bull., 42 [9] 1662–8 (2007).
7K. Yasukawa, M. Tanaka, and Y. Azuma, “Local Structure Analysis of
Ca in Ba1-XCaxTiO3 Ceramics,” “IEEE International Symposium on the
Applications of Ferroelectrics”, Vol. 1, No. 4693885. ISAF 2008.
8H. Nagata, M. Saitoh, Y. Hiruma, and T. Takenaka, “Fabrication and Pie-
zoelectric Properties of Textured (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 Ferroelectric Ceramics,” Jpn.
J. Appl. Phys., 49 [9 PART 2] 09MD08 (2010).
Fig. 10. FE-SEM images of ceramic samples obtained by sintering
oriented green compact at (a) 1100°C and (b) 1300°C for 3 h,
respectively.
9L. A. Reznitchenko, A. V. Turik, E. M. Kuznetsova, and V. P. Sakhnenko,
“Piezoelectricity in NaNbO3 Ceramics,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 13 [17]
3875–81 (2001).
size about 10–20 lm,24 which is much larger than that of the
ceramic prepared at 1300°C.
10T. M. Kamel and G. de With, “Grain Size Effect on the Poling of Soft
Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Ferroelectric Ceramics,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 28 [4] 851–61
(2008).
The sintering results demonstrate that in addition to the
oriented properties, the ceramic with small grain size also
can be achieved by using the Ba0.9Ca0.1TiO3 plate-like parti-
cles, because the plate-like particles are constructed from the
nanoparticles (10–20 nm). Domain engineering studies sug-
gest that reduction of grain size in the ceramic is very impor-
tant to fabricate the high performance piezoelectric
materials.25 The piezoelectric performance of ferroelectric
ceramics can be enhanced greatly by decreasing domain
size,26,27 which can be decreased by reducing the grain size in
the ceramic.25 Therefore, the Ba0.9Ca0.1TiO3 plate-like parti-
cles described above have potential application to the high
performance piezoelectric materials.
11A. Hussain, C. W. Ahn, H. J. Lee, I. W. Kim, J. S. Lee, S. J. Jeong, and
S. K. Rout, “Anisotropic Electrical Properties of Bi0.5(Na0.75K0.25)0.5TiO3
Ceramics Fabricated by Reactive Templated Grain Growth (RTGG),” Curr.
Appl. Phys., 10 [1] 305–10 (2010).
12T. Kimura, “Application of Texture Engineering to Piezoelectric Ceramics,”
J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 114 [1325] 15–25 (2006).
13Y. Sakuma and T. Kimura, “Effects of Processing Methods on Texture
Development and Densification in SrBi4Ti4O15 Ceramics,” J. Mater. Sci., 40
[18] 4811–7 (2005).
14E. M. Sabolsky, L. Maldonado, M. M. Seabaugh, and S. L. Swartz, “Tex-
tured-Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 Piezoelectric Ceramics Fabricated by Templated Grain
Growth (TGG),” J. Electroceram., 25 [1] 77–84 (2010).
15S. Wada, K. Takeda, T. Muraishi, H. Kakemoto, T. Tsurumi, and T.
Kimura, “Preparation of [110] Grain Oriented Barium Titanate Ceramics by
Templated Grain Growth Method and Their Piezoelectric Properties,” Jpn. J.
Appl. Phys., 46 [10 B] 7039–43 (2007).
16M. R. Panigrahi and S. Panigrahi, “Structural Analysis of 100% Relative
Intense Peak of Ba1-XCaxTiO3 Ceramics by X-ray Powder Diffraction
Method,” Phys. B: Condens. Matter, 405 [7] 1787–91 (2010).
17F. V. Motta, A. P. A. Marques, M. T. Escote, D. M. A. Melo, A. G.
Ferreira, E. Longo, E. R. Leite, and J. A. Varela, “Preparation and Character-
izations of Ba0.8Ca0.2TiO3 by Complex Polymerization Method (CPM),”
J. Alloys Compd., 465 [1–2] 452–7 (2008).
IV. Conclusions
Ca(OH)2 presents much lower reactivity with HTO than that
of Ba(OH)2 under the solvothermal conditions. Therefore,
the plate-like particles of Ba0.9Ca0.1TiO3 solid solution is dif-
ficult to be prepared directly by solvothermally reacting
HTO in Ba(OH)2–Ca(OH)2 mixed solution. The two-step
process of the solvothermal-heat treatments is an effective
method for the preparation of the Ba0.9Ca0.1TiO3 plate-like
particles with the [110] orientation vertical to the basal plane
of the plate-like particles. The Ba0.9Ca0.1TiO3 plate-like parti-
cles are the polycrystalline particles constructed from the
spherical nanoparticles, which in each plate-like particle show
the same orientation. The plate-like particles are suitable for
the fabrication of the [110]-oriented Ba0.9Ca0.1TiO3 ceramic
with small grain size that has potential application to the
high performance piezoelectric materials.
18W. Zhang, Z. Shen, and J. Chen, “Preparation and Characterization of
Nanosized Barium Calcium Titanate Crystallites by Low Temperature Direct
Synthesis,” J. Mater. Sci., 41 [17] 5743– (2006).
19Q. Feng, M. Hirasawa, K. Kajiyoshi, and K. Yanagisawa, “Hydrothermal
Soft Chemical Synthesis and Particle Morphology Control of BaTiO3 in Sur-
factant Solutions,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 88 [6] 1415–20 (2005).
20Q. Feng, Y. Ishikawa, Y. Makita, and Y. Yamamoto, “Solvothermal Soft
Chemical Synthesis and Characterization of Plate-Like Particles Constructed
From Oriented BaTiO3 Nanocrystals,” J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 118 [1374] 141–6
(2010).
21Q. Feng, M. Hirasawa, and K. Yanagisawa, “Synthesis of Crystal-
Axis-Oriented BaTiO3 and Anatase Platelike Particles by a Hydrothermal Soft
Chemical Process,” Chem. Mater., 13 [2] 290–6 (2001).
22T. Yuan, J. Wang, and Z. Li, “Measurement and Modelling of Solubility
for Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate and Calcium Hydroxide in NaOH/KOH Solu-
tions,” Fluid Phase Equilib., 297 [1] 129–37 (2010).
Acknowledgment
23X. Wang, H. Yamada, and C. N. Xu, “Large Electrostriction Near the
Solubility Limit in BaTiO3-CaTiO3 Ceramics,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 86 [2] 022905
(2005).
This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
(No. 20350096) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
24M. R. Panigrahi and S. Panigrahi, “Synthesis and Microstructure of
Ca-Doped BaTiO3 Ceramics Prepared by High-Energy Ball-Milling,” Phys. B:
Condens. Matter, 404 [21] 4267–72 (2009).
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