Green Chemistry
Paper
C-800. The control sample without metal ions was called
metal-free (MF-800). And the Co@GCNs-800 treated with
Notes and references
0
.5 M H
2
SO
4
at 90 °C for 4 h was denoted as acid treated
1 A. E. Shilov and G. B. Shul’pin, Chem. Rev., 1997, 97, 2879–
(Co@GCNs-800-AT).
2932.
2
L. Kesavan, R. Tiruvalam, M. H. Ab Rahim, M. I. bin
Saiman, D. I. Enache, R. L. Jenkins, N. Dimitratos,
J. A. Lopez-Sanchez, S. H. Taylor, D. W. Knight, C. J. Kiely
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J. Zhang, X. Liu, R. Blume, A. H. Zhang, R. Schlögl and
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D. Deng, Y. Yang, Y. Gong, Y. Li, X. Xu and Y. Wang, Green
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Catalytic reaction
The selective oxidation of hydrocarbons was carried out in a
5
0 mL stainless steel autoclave lined with Teflon. Typically,
3
4
5
6
7
substrates (10 mL) and catalyst (26 mg) were added into the
reactor and filled with molecular oxygen (0.8 MPa). The reac-
tion was kept at 120 °C for 5 h with continuous magnetic stir-
ring at 900 rpm. After reaction, the catalyst was separated and
recovered via centrifugation, and the dual internal standard of
1
,4-dichlorobenzene and bromobenzene as well as the as-
R. P. Doherty, J.-M. Krafft, C. Méthivier, S. Casale, H. Remita,
C. Louis and C. Thomas, J. Catal., 2012, 287, 102–113.
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obtained clarified reaction mixture were added into the absol-
ute alcohol solvent. Finally, the products were analyzed quanti-
tatively by gas chromatography (GC) with a HP-5 ms capillary
column (30 m, DF = 0.25 mm, 0.25 mm i.d.). The recovered
catalyst via separation was washed three times with absolute
alcohol, and then dried in a vacuum. The recyclability of the
catalysts was investigated for the selective oxidation ability
maintaining the same reaction conditions as described above.
The conversion is the average results of three experiments, and
error was controlled within 1%.
2
009, 15, 6953–6963.
S. Liao, Y. Chi, H. Yu, H. Wang and F. Peng, ChemCatChem,
014, 6, 555–560.
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0 J. Luo, H. Yu, H. Wang and F. Peng, Catal. Commun., 2014,
1, 77–81.
8
9
2
4
1
1
5
1 J. Luo, F. Peng, H. Yu, H. Wang and W. Zheng,
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Characterization
Field emission scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was per- 12 M. Jafarpour, A. Rezaeifard, V. Yasinzadeh and H. Kargar,
formed on a JSM-6700F microscope to visualize the mor-
RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 38460–38469.
phology and size of the catalysts. High-resolution transmission 13 A. Chen, Y. Yu, R. Wang, Y. Yu, W. Zang, P. Tang and
electron microscopy (HRTEM) was carried out on a Tecnai G2
D. Ma, Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 14684–14690.
F20 S-TWIN instrument operated at 120 kV and a Philips 14 S. Yang, L. Peng, P. Huang, X. Wang, Y. Sun, C. Cao and
CM200 FEG instrument operated at 200 kV. Brunauer–
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Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface areas (SBET) and the total 15 C. Bai, A. Li, X. Yao, H. Liu and Y. Li, Green Chem., 2016,
pore volume (Vtotal) were measured by N adsorption–desorp-
18, 1061–1069.
tion analysis at 77 K and a relative pressure P/P of 0.98 in a 16 W. Zhong, H. Liu, C. Bai, S. Liao and Y. Li, ACS Catal.,
2
0
NOVA 1000e from Quantachrome Instruments. And the pore
size (D ) distribution was calculated by the Barrett–Joyner– 17 L. L. Zhang and X. S. Zhao, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 2520–
Halenda (BJH) formula. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern
2531.
was collected on a Japan XRD-6100 diffractometer with the 2θ 18 W. J. Lee, U. N. Maiti, J. M. Lee, J. Lim, T. H. Han and
scan range between 10° and 80° using Ni-filtered Cu Kα radi-
S. O. Kim, Chem. Commun., 2014, 50, 6818–6830.
ation (50 kV, 10 mA). Raman spectra were obtained using a 19 C. H. Choi, S. H. Park and S. I. Woo, ACS Nano, 2012, 6,
33 nm laser on a LabRAM Aramis micro Raman spectrometer
7084–7091.
at room temperature. The surface composition was determined 20 P. Su, H. Xiao, J. Zhao, Y. Yao, Z. Shao, C. Li and Q. Yang,
by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using a PHI 5000C
Chem. Sci., 2013, 4, 2941–2946.
ESCA system (PerkinElmer) with an Al Kα (1486.6 eV) X-ray 21 J. Shui, M. Wang, F. Du and L. Dai, Sci. Adv., 2015, 1,
2015, 5, 1850–1856.
p
6
source, and the C 1s line (284.4 eV) was used as the reference
e1400129.
to correct the binding energies (BE).
22 J. Wu, R. M. Yadav, M. Liu, P. P. Sharma, C. S. Tiwary,
L. Ma, X. Zou, X.-D. Zhou, B. I. Yakobson, J. Lou and
P. M. Ajayan, ACS Nano, 2015, 9, 5364–5371.
2
3 S. Wang, L. Zhang, Z. Xia, A. Roy, D. W. Chang, J.-B. Baek
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil 24 T. Cheng, H. Yu, F. Peng, H. Wang, B. Zhang and D. Su,
Processing in China (no. SKCHOP201504) and the Key Catal. Sci. Technol., 2016, 6, 1007–1015.
Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny in Chinese 25 Y. Chen, S. Zhao and Z. Liu, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2015,
Academy of Sciences (no. KLMM20150103).
17, 14012–14020.
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