C. Hardacre et al.
FULL PAPER
[23] C. Villagrµn, M. Deetlefs, W. Pitner, C. Hardacre, Anal. Chem. 2004,
76, 2118–2123.
[24] Following centrifugation, small amounts of catalyst remain in the
ionic liquid and are difficult to remove. This residue is digested with
the ionic liquid prior to ICP-AES analysis, resulting in an error of Æ
2% in the values in Figure 7.
[25] a) V. Hulea, P. Moreau, F. Di Renzo, J. Mol. Catal. A 1996, 111,
325–332; b) V Hulea, P. Moreau, J. Mol. Catal. A 1996, 113, 499–
505.
[26] D. J. Brown, The Pyrimidines, Wiley, New York, 1994, p. 609.
[27] a) G. Bellussi, A. Carati, M. G. Clerici, G. Maddinelli, R. Millini, J.
Catal. 1992, 133, 220–230; b) M. G. Clerici, P. Ingallina, J. Catal.
1993, 140, 71–83.
[28] a) O. Bortolini, F. Di Furia, G. Modena, J. Mol. Catal. 1982, 14, 53–
62; b) A. Arcoria, F. P. Ballistreri, G. A. Tomaselli, F. Di Furia, G.
Modena, J. Mol. Catal. 1984, 24, 189–196.
[29] A. Corma, M. A. Camblor, P. Esteve, A. Martinez, J. Perez-Pariente,
J. Catal. 1994, 145, 151–158.
[30] N. L. Lancaster, P. A. Salter, T. Welton, G. B. Young, J. Org. Chem.
2002, 67, 8855–8861.
[31] A. J. Carmichael, D. M. Haddleton, S. A. F. Bon, K. R. Seddon,
Chem. Commun. 2000, 1237–1238.
[1] I. I. Fernandez, N. Khiar, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 3651–3705.
[2] T. Michel, J. Y. Gauthier, Y. Leblanc, S. LØger, H. Perrier, P. Prasit,
Z. Wang, Synthesis 2001, 1778–1779.
[3] a) D. C. Radu, V. Cimpeanu, F. Bertinchamps, E. M. Gaigneaux,
V. I. Pꢂrvulescu, Catal. Commun. 2003, 4, 5–9; b) D. C. Radu, V. I.
Parvulescu, V. Cimpeanu, E. Bartha, A. Jonas, P. Grange, Appl.
Catal. A 2003, 242, 77–84.
[4] D. C. Radu, A. Ion, V. I. Parvulescu, V. Cimpeanu, E. Bartha, D. T.
On, S. Kaliaguine, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 2003, 146, 609–612.
[5] R. S. Reddy, J. S. Reddy, R. Kumar, P. Kumar, J. Chem. Soc. Chem.
Commun. 1992, 84–85.
[6] V. Hulea, P. Moreau, F. Di Renzo, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 1997, 108,
361–368.
[7] D. J. Robinson, L. Davies, N. McMorn, D. J. Willock, G. W. Watson,
P. C. B. Page, D. Bethell, G. J. Hutchings, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
2000, 2, 1523–1529.
[8] a) M. Iwamoto, M. Yonemitsu, H. Kunishima, J. Hirosumi, N. Kita,
Y. Tanaka, in Catalysis by Unique Metal Ion Structures in Solid Ma-
trices (Eds.: G. Centi, B. Wichterlova, A. T. Bell), Kluwer Academic,
Dordrecht, 2001, p. 235; b) M. Iwamoto, Y. Tanaka, J. Hirosumi, N.
Kita, Chem. Lett. 2001, 226–227.
[9] a) M. G. Clerici, P. Ingallina, Catal. Today 1998, 41, 351–364; b) L.
Balducci, D. Bianchi, R. Bortolo, R. DꢀAloisio, M. Ricci, R. Tassi-
nari, R. Ungari, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 5087–5090; Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4937–4940.
[10] a) K. R. Seddon, A. Stark, Green Chem. 2002, 4, 119–223; b) C.
Hardacre, J. M. Thompson, E. Mullan, D. Rooney, unpublished re-
sults.
[32] O. A. Kholdeeva, G. M. Maksimov, R. I. Maksimovskaya, L. A. Ko-
valeva, M. A. Fedotov, V. A. Grigoriev, C. L. Hill, Inorg. Chem.
2000, 39, 3828–3837.
[33] A. J. Carmichael, C. Hardacre, J. D. Holbrey, M. Nieuwenhuyzen,
K. R. Seddon, Mol. Phys. 2001, 99, 795–800.
[34] D. T. On, M. P. Kapoor, E. Thibeault, J. E. Gallot, G. Lemay, S. Ka-
liaguine, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 1998, 20, 107–118.
[35] R. R. Hunt, E. R. Sayer, J. F. W. McOmie, J. Chem. Soc. 1959, 525–
537.
[11] Ionic Liquids in Synthesis (Eds.: P. Wasserscheid, T. Welton), Wiley-
VCH, Weinheim, 2002.
[12] a) T. Welton, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071–2083; b) R. Sheldon,
Chem. Commun. 2001, 2399–2407; c) H. Olivier-Bourbigou, L.
Magna, J. Mol. Catal. A 2002, 182–183, 419–437.
[13] C. Baudequin, J. Baudoux, J. Levillain, D. Cahard, A.-C. Gaumont,
J.-C. Plaquevent, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3081–3093; J.
Dupont, R. F. de Souza, P. A. Z. Suarez, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102,
3667–3692; C. M. Gordon, Appl. Catal. A 2001, 222, 101–117.
[14] R. T. Carlin, J. Fuller, Chem. Commun. 1997, 1345–1346.
[15] K. Anderson, P. Goodrich, C. Hardacre, D. W. Rooney, Green
Chem. 2003, 5, 448–453.
[16] R. Hagiwara, Y. Shimizu, T. Hoshi, T. Suzuki, M. Ando, K. Ohkubo,
C. Yokoyama, Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4349–4351.
[17] a) C. Hardacre, D. W. Rooney, J. M. Thompson, S. P. Katdare,
World Patent WO03028882; b) C. Hardacre, S. P. Katdare, D.
Milroy, P. Nancarrow, D. W. Rooney, J. M. Thompson, J. Catal., in
press
[36] S. Cabrera, J. El Haskouri, C. Guillem, J. Latorre, A. Beltrµn, D.
Beltrµn, M. D. Marcos, P. Amorós, Solid State Sci. 2000, 2, 405–420.
[37] J. El Haskouri, S. Cabrera, M. Gutierrez, A. Beltrµn-Porter, D.
Beltrµn-Porter, M. D. Marcos, P. Amorós, Chem. Commun. 2001,
309–310.
[38] J. El Haskouri, D. Ortiz de Zµrate, C. Guillem, J. Latorre, M.
CaldØs, A. Beltrµn, D. Beltrµn, A. B. Descalzo, G. Rodrꢃguez, R.
Martꢃnez, M. D. Marcos, P. Amorós, Chem. Commun. 2002, 330–
331.
[39] J. El Haskouri, D. Ortiz de Zµrate, F. PØrez-Pla, A. Cervilla, C. Guil-
lem, J. Latorre, M. D. Marcos, A. Beltrµn, D. Beltrµn, P. Amorós,
New J. Chem. 2002, 26, 1093–1096.
[40] P. A. Z. Suarez, J. E. L. Dullius, S. Einloft, R. F. de Souza, J. Dupont,
Polyhedron 1996, 15, 1217–1223.
[41] P. Bonhote, A. P. Dias, N. Papageorgiou, K. Kalyanasundram, M.
Grꢄtzel, Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 1168–1178.
[42] L. Cammarata, S. G. Kazarian, P. A. Salter, T. Welton, Phys. Chem.
Chem. Phys. 2001, 3, 5192–5200.
[18] J. S. Yadav, B. V. S. Reddy, M. Sridhar Reddy, N. Niranjan, J. Mol.
Catal. A 2004, 210, 99–103.
[19] K. R. Seddon, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351–356.
[20] M. J. Torres, PhD Thesis, Queenꢀs University Belfast (UK), 2001.
[21] V. I. Pꢂrvulescu, D. Dumitriu, G. Poncelet, J. Mol. Catal. A 1999,
140, 91–105.
[43] A. I. Vogel, Vogelꢀs Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 5th
ed., Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, 1989, pp. 370–372.
[22] K. R. Seddon, A. Stark, M. J. Torres, Pure Appl. Chem. 2000, 72,
2275–2287.
Received: February 3, 2004
Published online: August 4, 2004
4646
ꢁ 2004 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 4640 – 4646