Paper
Journal of Materials Chemistry A
Finally, the photostability of the Cs
2
O–Bi
2
O
3
–ZnO can be
9 S. Chen, T. Takata and K. Domen, Nat. Rev. Mater., 2017, 2,
attributed to the direct Z-scheme charge carrier migration
1–17.
21
pathway; that is, the photoinduced electrons in ZnO and Bi O
10 G. Zhang, Z. A. Lan and X. Wang, Chem. Sci., 2017, 8, 5261–
5274.
11 J. Ran, J. Zhang, J. Yu, M. Jaroniec and S. Z. Qiao, Chem. Soc.
Rev., 2014, 43, 7787–7812.
2
3
are consumed by recombination with the photoinduced holes
in the VB of Cs O.
2
1
1
2 A. Kudo and Y. Miseki, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 253–278.
3 R. Marschall, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2014, 24, 2421–2440.
Conclusions
A novel Cs
a simple solution combustion method and conrmed by PXRD,
HR-TEM, and XPS analyses. The fabricated heterostructure 15 J. Low, C. Jiang, B. Cheng, S. Wageh, A. A. Al-Ghamdi and
exhibited excellent catalytic activity towards overall water J. Yu, Small Methods, 2017, 1, 1700080.
splitting under simulated sunlight irradiation with good pho- 16 K. Maeda, ACS Catal., 2013, 3, 1486–1503.
tostability. The optimum H and O evolution rates on Cs O– 17 H. Li, W. Tu, Y. Zhou and Z. Zou, Adv. Sci., 2016, 3, 1500389.
Bi –ZnO were ca. 149.5 and ca.73.2 mmol g under 18 Q. Yuan, D. Liu, N. Zhang, W. Ye, H. Ju, L. Shi, R. Long, J. Zhu
simulated sunlight irradiation without using any sacricial and Y. Xiong, Angew. Chem., 2017, 129, 4206–4210.
agents or co-catalysts. High resolution XPS conrmed that the 19 S. Sun, T. Hisatomi, Q. Wang, S. Chen, G. Ma, J. Liu,
2
O–Bi
2
O
3
–ZnO heterostructure was fabricated using 14 P. Zhou, J. Yu and M. Jaroniec, Adv. Mater., 2014, 26, 4920–
4935.
2
2
2
ꢁ1
ꢁ1
2
O
3
h
charge carrier migration pathway followed the heterojunction
S. Nandy, T. Minegishi, M. Katayama and K. Domen, ACS
Catal., 2018, 8, 1690–1696.
approach in the Bi O –ZnO heterostructure and the Z-scheme
2
3
approach in the Cs O–Bi O –ZnO heterostructure. ESR studies 20 Y. Wang, H. Suzuki, J. Xie, O. Tomita, D. J. Martin,
2
2 3
further conrmed the direct Z-scheme charge carrier migration
pathway in the Cs O–Bi –ZnO heterostructure. The remark-
ably high photocatalytic activity of the Cs O–Bi
attributed to the efficient separation of e/h pairs, the efficient
charge transfer occurring at the intimate contact interface 22 M. Han, L. Hu, Y. Zhou, S. Zhao, L. Bai, Y. Sun, H. Huang,
among the three metal oxides, the suitable positions of the CBM
Y. Liu and Z. Kang, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2018, 8, 840–846.
and VBM of the heterostructure, and the extended light 23 M. Zhu, Z. Sun, M. Fujitsuka and T. Majima, Angew. Chem.,
M. Higashi, D. Kong, R. Abe and J. Tang, Chem. Rev., 2018,
2
2 3
O
118, 5201–5241.
2
2
O
3
–ZnO is 21 Q. Xu, L. Zhang, J. Yu, S. Wageh, A. A. Al-ghamdi and M. Jaroniec,
Mater. Today, 2018, DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2018.04.008.
absorption range induced by the presence of Cs O.
Int. Ed., 2018, 57, 2160–2164.
2
2
2
2
2
4 A. Rauf, M. Ma, S. Kim, M. S. A. S. Shah, C. H. Chung,
J. H. Park and P. J. Yoo, Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 3026–3036.
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17(1), 60.
6 B. Ling, X. W. Sun, Y. Q. Shen and Z. L. Dong, Appl. Phys. A:
Mater. Sci. Process., 2010, 98, 91–96.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conicts to declare.
Acknowledgements
7 C. Li, J. Zhang, J. Yang, T. Wang, X. Lv and Z. Tang, Appl.
Catal., A, 2011, 402, 80–86.
Parts of this work were supported by UGC JRF (Award No F.19-1/
2
0
013(SA-I)) and the DST-SERB, Govt of India grant no. YSS/2015/ 28 S. Balachandran and M. Swaminathan, J. Phys. Chem. C,
00651 awarded under the young scientist scheme.
2012, 116, 26306–26312.
2
3
9 X. Wang, P. Ren and H. Fan, Mater. Res. Bull., 2015, 64, 82–87.
0 S. Yi, X. Yue, D. Xu, Z. Liu, F. Zhao, D. Wang and Y. Lin, New
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