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Green Chemistry
Page 6 of 7
ARTICLE
Journal Name
the dried in N2 atmosphere, the loading of catalyst could be values of the Gibbs free energies achieved in this work were
calculated as 5 mg cm-2 on the basis of the CP’s weight change. based on the standard state of 298.15 K DinOaI:q1u0.e1o03u9s/Cso9GluCt0io3n69s8. A
Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements
LSV measurements were carried out using an electrochemical
Conflicts of interest
workstation (CHI 6081E, Shanghai CH Instruments Co., China).
Meanwhile, a typical H-type electrolysis cell separated by a
Nafion 117 membrane was employed, which contained three
electrodes, including a working electrode, a platinum gauze
auxiliary electrode, and an Ag/Ag+ (0.01 M AgNO3 in 0.1 M
TBAP-MeCN) reference electrode. In addition, the electrolyte
(both anolyte and catholyte) was the aqueous KOH solution (1.0
M).
There are no conflicts to declare.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (21673249, 21733011), National Key Research and
Development Program of China (2017YFA0403103), Beijing
Municipal
Science
&
Technology
Commission
Under the slight magnetic stirring, LSV measurements were
conducted in a potential range of 1.0 to 2.0 V vs. RHE with a scan
rate of 10 mV/s.
(Z181100004218004), the Chinese Academy of Sciences
(QYZDY-SSW-SLH013), and Youth Innovation Promotion
Association of CAS (2017043).
Electrochemical oxidation of HMF
The electrochemical HMF oxidation was carried out at room
temperature using an electrochemical workstation (CHI 6081E,
Shanghai CH Instruments Co., China) with a typical H-type cell,
Notes and references
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which was separated by
a
Nafion membrane. The
electrochemical cell is configured with a three-electrode
system: a working electrode as anode, a platinum gauze
auxiliary electrode as the counter electrode (cathode), and an
Ag/AgCl reference electrode. All potentials reported were
converted from vs. Ag/AgCl to vs. RHE by adding a value of 0.197
+ 0.059 × pH. The electrochemical oxidation experiment was
conducted in 15 mL of a 1.0 M KOH solution in the presence or
absence of 10 mM HMF.
2
HPLC analysis of oxidation products
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The conversion of HMF and the yield of the corresponding
oxidation product were characterized by HPLC technique.
Specifically, 10 μL samples were collected from the electrolyte
after the addition of HMF and at different time during
chronoamperometry and then diluted with 490 μL water. After
filtrated by a 0.22 nm filter, the samples were used for the HPLC
analysis. The HPLC analysis was conducted on a Shimadzu
Prominence Liquid Chromatograph (LC-20TA) equipped with a
C18 column (InertSustain, 4.6 mm × 250 mm x 5 μm particle
size, GL Sciences Inc) and a refractive index detector (RID-20A).
Mobile phase A is 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution adjusted
to pH ~3 with ammonium formate and mobile phase B was
acetonitrile. The flow rate is 0.6 mL/min (gradient program: 90%
B for 5min, to 20% B over 12 min, and held for 20 min). The
quantification of HMF and its oxidation products were
calculated based on the calibration curves of those standard
compounds purchased from commercial vendors.
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Computational details
CBS-APNO method by Gaussian 09 package was employed to
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method involved a series of calculations on a particular
geometry and a complete basis set model chemistry to calculate
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6 | J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3
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