E. Liu et al. / Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 353–354 (2012) 95–105
105
percentage possesses the highest surface acidity equalled to the
pristine sulfated zirconia as well as the highest catalytic perfor-
mance. The catalytic activity of as-synthesized nanocomposites
with 30% zirconium molar percentage surpasses that of the pristine
sulfated zirconia due to the synergetic effect of the acid strength
and enlargement of surface area.
[29] J.T. Kloprogge, R.L. Frost, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1 (1999) 1641–1647.
[30] S. Moreau, M. Gervais, A. Douy, Solid State Ion. 101–103 (1997) 625–631.
[31] M.L. Guzman-Castillo, E. Lopez-Salinas, J.J. Fripiat, J. Sanchez-Valente, F.
Hernandez-Beltran, A. Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. Navarrete-Bolanos, J. Catal. 220
(2003) 317–325.
[32] S.C. Shen, Q. Chen, P.S. Chow, G.H. Tan, X.T. Zeng, Z. Wang, R.B.H. Tan, J. Phys.
Chem. C 111 (2007) 700–707.
[33] R. Iwamoto, C. Fernandez, J.P. Amoureux, J. Grimblot, J. Phys. Chem. B 102 (1998)
4342–4349.
[34] S.A. Bagshaw, T.J. Pinnavaia, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 35 (1996) 1102–1105.
[35] M.K. Younes, A. Ghorbel, J. Sol–Gel Sci. Technol. 26 (2003) 677–680.
[36] C.J. Dalmaschio, V.R. Mastelaro, P. Nascente, J. Bettini, J.L. Zotin, E. Longo, E.R.
Leite, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 343 (2010) 256–262.
[37] S.J. Gregg, K.S.W. Sing, Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity, Academic Press,
London, 1982, pp. 111–190.
[38] K.S.W. Sing, D.H. Everett, R.A.W. Haul, L. Moscou, R.A. Pierotti, J. Rouquerol, T.
Siemieniewska, Pure Appl. Chem. 57 (1985) 603–619.
[39] K.S.W. Sing, R.T. Williams, Adsorp. Sci. Technol. 22 (2004) 773–782.
[40] J.C. Groen, L.A.A. Peffer, J. Perez-Ramirez, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 60 (2003)
1–17.
Acknowledgements
The financial and infra-structure support from the Queens-
land University of Technology Chemistry Discipline is gratefully
acknowledged. EML is thankful for a Queensland University of
Technology doctoral scholarship. One author (WM) is grateful for
the financial support in the form of an Australia Post-Doctoral Fel-
lowship Provided by the Australian Research Council and a Smart
State Fellowship provided by the Queensland State Government.
[41] G. Li, W. Li, M. Zhang, K. Tao, Catal. Today 93–95 (2004) 595–601.
[42] R.J. Gillespie, Acc. Chem. Res. 1 (1968) 202–209.
[43] B. Umansky, J. Engelhardt, W.K. Hall, J. Catal. 127 (1991) 128–140.
[44] D. Farcasiu, A. Ghenciu, J.Q. Li, J. Catal. 158 (1996) 116–127.
[45] B.S. Umansky, W.K. Hall, J. Catal. 124 (1990) 97–108.
[46] T. Riemer, D. Spielbauer, M. Hunger, G.A.H. Mekhemer, H. Knozinger, J. Chem.
Soc. Chem. Commum. 1994 (1994) 1181–1182.
[47] A. Corma, V. Fornes, M.I. Juan-Rajadell, J.M.L. Nieto, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 116
(1994) 151–163.
[48] J.S. Lee, D.S. Park, J. Catal. 120 (1989) 46–54.
References
[1] V.C.F. Holm, G.C. Balley, Bartlesville, USA Patent 3,030,599 (1962).
[2] M. Hino, S. Kobayashi, K. Arata, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101 (1979) 6439–6441.
[3] B.M. Reddy, M.K. Patil, Chem. Rev. 109 (2009) 2185–2208.
[4] A. Corma, Chem. Rev. 95 (1995) 559–614.
[5] M. Hino, K. Arata, Chem. Lett. (1979) 1259.
[49] E.C. Sikabwe, M.A. Coelho, D.E. Resasco, R.L. White, Catal. Lett. 34 (1995) 23–30.
[50] C. Morterra, G. Cerrato, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1 (1999) 2825–2831.
[51] H. Yu, H. Fang, H. Zhang, B. Li, F. Deng, Catal. Commun. 10 (2009) 920–924.
[52] G. Yaluris, R.B. Larson, J.M. Kobe, M.R. Gonzalez, K.B. Fogash, J.A. Dumesic, J.
Catal. 158 (1996) 336–342.
[53] R.S. Drago, N. Kob, J. Phys. Chem. B 101 (1997) 3360–3364.
[54] J.C. Vartuli, J.G. Santiesteban, P. Traverso, N. Cardona-Martinez, C.D. Chang, S.A.
Stevenson, J. Catal. 187 (1999) 131–138.
[55] V.J.W. Adeeva, D. Haan, J. Janchen, G.D. Lei, V. Schunemann, L.J.M.V.D. Ven,
W.M.H. Sachtler, R.A.V. Santen, J. Catal. 151 (1995) 364–372.
[56] F. Babou, G. Coudurier, J.C. Vedrine, J. Catal. 152 (1995) 341–349.
[57] E.E. Platero, M.P. Mentruit, C.O. Arean, A. Zecchina, J. Catal. 162 (1996) 268–276.
[58] M.R. Guisnet, Acc. Chem. Res. 23 (1990) 392–398.
[6] M. Hino, K. Arata, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1979) 1148–1149.
[7] J.H. Clark, Acc. Chem. Res. 35 (2002) 791–797.
[8] G. Rothenberg, Catalysis: Concepts and Green Applications, Wiley-VCH Verlag
GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2008.
[9] D. Farcasiu, J.Q. Li, Appl. Catal. A 175 (1998) 1–9.
[10] F.R. Chen, G. Coudurier, J.F. Joly, J.C. Vedrine, J. Catal. 143 (1993) 616–626.
[11] Y.-Y. Huang, B.-Y. Zhao, Y.-C. Xie, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 173 (1998) 27–35.
[12] T. Jin, M. Machida, T. Yamaguchi, K. Tanabe, Inorg. Chem. 23 (1984) 4396–4398.
[13] C. Morterra, G. Cerrato, F. Pinna, M. Signoretto, J. Catal. 157 (1995) 109–123.
[14] G. Larsen, E. Lotero, R.D. Parra, L.M. Petkovic, H.S. Silva, S. Raghavan, Appl. Catal.
A: Gen. 130 (1995) 213–226.
[15] B. Djuricic, S. Pickering, P. Glaude, D. Mcgarry, P. Tambuyser, J. Mater. Chem. 32
(1997) 589–601.
[59] J. Sommer, R. Jost, Pure Appl. Chem. 72 (2000) 2309–2318.
[60] N. Katada, T. Tsubaki, M. Niwa, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 340 (2008) 76–86.
[61] T. Jin, T. Yamaguchi, K. Tanabe, J. Phys. Chem. 90 (1986) 4794–4796.
[62] G.D. Zhou, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Kexue Press, Beijing, 1982, p.
286.
[63] S.M. Auerbach, K.A. Carrado, P.K. Dutta, Handbook of Zeolite Science and Tech-
nology, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2003.
[64] Y. Xia, W. Hua, Z. Gao, Catal. Lett. 55 (1998) 101–104.
[65] G.A. Olah, G.K.S. Prakash, A. Molnar, J. Sommer, Superacid Chemistry, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2009.
[66] N. Katada, J.-I. Endo, K.-I. Notsu, N. Yasunobu, N. Naito, M. Niwa, J. Phys. Chem.
B 104 (2000) 10321–10328.
[67] F.R. Chen, G. Coudurier, J.-F. Joly, J. Vedrine, J. Catal. 143 (1993) 616–626.
[68] C. Morterra, G. Cerrato, F. Pinna, M. Signoretto, G. Strukul, J. Catal. 149 (1994)
181–188.
[69] H. Rotter, M.V. Landau, M. Carrera, D. Goldfarb, M. Herskowitz, Appl. Catal. B:
Environ. 47 (2004) 111–126.
[70] Y.-C. Xie, Y.-Q. Tang, Advances in Catalysis, Academic Press, New York, 1990.
[16] J.R. Sohn, D.H. Seo, Catal. Today 87 (2003) 219–226.
[17] W. Hua, Y. Xia, Y. Yue, Z. Gao, J. Catal. 196 (2000) 104–114.
[18] Z. Gao, Y. Xia, W. Hua, C. Miao, Top. Catal. 6 (1998) 101–106.
[19] S.Y. Kim, N.J.G.G. Lohitharn Jr., R. Olindo, F. Pinna, P. Canton, Catal. Commun. 7
(2006) 209–213.
[20] P. Canton, R. Olindo, F. Pinna, G. Strukul, P. Riello, M. Meneghetti, G. Cerrato, C.
Morterra, A. Benedetti, Chem. Mater. 13 (2001) 1634–1641.
[21] J. Zhao, Y. Yue, W. Hua, Z. Gao, Catal. Lett. 116 (2007) 27–37.
[22] E. Liu, Discipline of Chemistry, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,
2011.
[23] P. Laidlaw, D. Bethell, S.M. Brown, G.J. Hutchings, J. Mol. Catal. A 174 (2001)
187–191.
[24] A. Heidekum, M.A. Harmer, W.F. Hoelderich, J. Catal. 188 (1999) 230–232.
[25] G.D. Yadav, N.S. Asthana, V.S. Kamble, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 240 (2003) 53–69.
[26] K. Arata, H. Nakamura, M. Shouji, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 197 (2000) 213–219.
[27] S.C. Shen, W.K. Ng, Q. Chen, X.T. Zeng, M.Z. Chew, R.B.H. Tan, J. Nanosci. Nan-
otechnol. 7 (2007) 2726–2733.
[28] M. Hino, K. Arata, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commum. 1985 (1985) 112–113.