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Fig. 5 SEM (a) and TEM (b and c) images of the MnO2 microsphere
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mA gꢀ1
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Mn + xLi2O). Another explanation is called electrochemical
milling effect of transition-metal oxides, which means the bulk
particles of the transition-metal oxides anodes degrade into
nanoparticles aer lithiation.35 Emphatically, though the MnO2
and MnO nanosheets collapse, the smaller nanoparticles and
the porosity in the microspheres are deduced to ensure
extremely good electrochemical properties as well.21
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Conclusions
Manganese oxides with different oxidation states (MnO2 and
MnO) with the same petal-like microsphere structures have been
fabricated by optimizing the sintering conditions. Both of the
materials have been studied as anodes for LIBs. The reversible
capacities of the petal-like MnO2 and MnO microspheres are
832.9 and 921.4 mA h gꢀ1 at 500 mA gꢀ1 aer 100 cycles,
respectively. Even at a high current density of 2000 mA gꢀ1, the
MnO microspheres can still deliver a specic capacity of as high
as 751.4 mA h gꢀ1 aer 400 cycles. The enhanced performance of
MnO2 and MnO could be ascribed to the micro/nano structures.
The better performance of MnO is originated from the good
matching of volume expansion tolerability and the petal struc-
tures. The electrochemical performance of manganese oxides can
be rationally tuned by controlling the oxidation states of Mn
through optimizing the sintering conditions.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National 973 Program Project of
China (2012CB932800), the National Science Foundation of
China (51171092, 21203111). X. Liu also acknowledges the
Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin and the Fundamental
Research Funds of Shandong University.
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Notes and references
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This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016
RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 34501–34506 | 34505