ChemComm
Communication
University of Delhi, Delhi, for financial support. A.K. thanks
UGC for providing Senior Research Fellowship. A. Gulino
`
thanks the Ministero dell’Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR)
for the RINAME (grant number RBAP114AMK) and also the
University of Catania.
Notes and references
˜
´
1 (a) C. Simao, M. Mas-Torrent, N. Crivillers, V. Lloveras, J. M. Artes,
P. Gorostiza, J. Veciana and C. Rovira, Nat. Chem., 2011, 3, 359–364;
(b) L. Motiei, M. Lahav, D. Freeman and M. E. van der Boom, J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 3468–3469.
2 (a) T. Gupta, P. C. Mondal, A. Kumar, Y. L. Jeyachandran and
M. Zharnikov, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2013, 23, 4227–4235;
(b) G. de Ruiter and M. E. van der Boom, Acc. Chem. Res., 2011,
44, 563–573.
˜
´
3 (a) C. Simao, M. Mas-Torrent, J. C. Montenegro, F. Oton, J. Veciana and
C. Rovira, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 13256–13259; (b) D. Margulies,
G. Melman and A. Shanzer, Nat. Mater., 2005, 4, 768–771.
4 (a) G. de Ruiter, M. Lahav, G. Evmenenko, P. Dutta, D. A. Cristaldi,
A. Gulino and M. E. van der Boom, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135,
16533–16544; (b) C. J. Yao, Y. W. Zhong, H. J. Nie, H. D. Abruna and
J. Yao, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 20720–20723.
Fig. 3 Chrono-absorptometry switching experiment at l = 503 nm for
Os2+ (a, 0.6–1.1 V), Ru2+ and Os2+ (b, 0.6–1.6 V), successive knocking at
each metal centre (c, 0.6–1.1–1.6–1.0 V) with a magnified view of a single
cycle (d), for 3 min in 20 mM TBAP in acetonitrile.
5 G. De Ruiter, L. Motiei, J. Choudhury, N. Oded and M. E. van der
Boom, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2010, 49, 4780–4783.
6 A. D. Shukla, A. Das and M. E. van der Boom, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.,
2005, 44, 3237–3240.
II and III were stable under the nitrogen atmosphere for 5 min,
whereas regained state I under air within 50 and 70 s, respectively,
due to reduction by adventitious moisture under the open circuit
conditions.17 In addition, XPS after attaining 100 cycles revealed
atomic concentration values close to those of the starting mono-
layer (within the experimental errors Æ5%).
7 (a) A. Gulino, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2013, 405, 1479–1495; (b) A. Gulino,
`
R. G. Egdell and I. Fragala, J. Mater. Chem., 1996, 11, 1805–1809.
`
8 (a) R. Kaminker, L. Motiei, A. Gulino, I. Fragala, L. J. W. Shimon,
G. Evmenenko, P. Dutta, M. A. Iron and M. E. van der Boom, J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 14554–14561; (b) J. Choudhury, R. Kaminker,
L. Motiei, G. de Ruiter, M. Morozov, F. Lupo, A. Gulino and M. E. van
der Boom, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 9295–9297.
Furthermore, most of the electronic devices suffer from the
loss of functioning because of the mechanical heat released
during prolonged-work schedules. Thus, stability and function-
ing at elevated temperature was judged by heating the module
at 200 1C for 50 h and also by stepping-up the temperature from
9 (a) A. Gulino, T. Gupta, M. Altman, S. Lo Schiavo, P. G. Mineo,
`
I. L. Fragala, G. Evmenenko, P. Dutta and M. E. van der Boom, Chem.
Commun., 2008, 2900–2902; (b) A. Gulino, T. Gupta, P. G. Mineo and
M. E. van der Boom, Chem. Commun., 2007, 4878–4880.
25 to 250 1C in a programmable fashion with a time interval of 10 E. Figgemeier, E. C. Constable, C. E. Housecroft and Y. C. Zimmermann,
Langmuir, 2004, 20, 9242–9248.
11 T. Gupta, R. Cohen, G. Evmenenko, P. Dutta and M. E. van der Boom,
1 h. No significant UV-vis signal and switching magnitude loss
was observed for the monolayer after the heat treatment (Fig. S11,
J. Phys. Chem. C., 2007, 111, 4655–4660.
ESI‡). Hence, the module successfully displays the tendency to 12 (a) D. A. Walsh, T. E. Keyes and R. J. Forster, J. Phys. Chem. B., 2004,
108, 2631–2636; (b) A. J. Bard and L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical
Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 2001.
store and hold the data under/after mechanical heat.
In summary, the 1-ITO monolayer was exploited for ternary/binary
data storage with non-destructive optical identity owing to its excel- 13 A. D. Shukla, D. Strawser, A. C. B. Lucassen, D. Freeman, H. Cohen,
D. A. Jose, A. Das, G. Evmenenko, P. Dutta and M. E. Van der Boom,
J. Phys. Chem. B., 2004, 108, 17505–17511.
14 (a) M. M. Walczak, D. D. Popenoe, R. S. Deinhammer, B. D. Lamp,
lent stability and reversibility. The robustness of the system enabled it
to overcome both potential stress and mechanical heat. The com-
mutable binary and/or ternary state has demonstrated accurate
control of voltage over optical threshold and can offer potential
alternative to real devices such as DRAM, SRAM and FLASH memory.
Indeed, intact functioning under long term potential stress and at
elevated temperature is attractive for future electronics.
C. Chung and M. D. Porter, Langmuir, 1991, 7, 2687–2693; (b) T. Gupta
and A. Kumar, Analyst, 2011, 136, 4127–4129.
15 (a) S. L. Hurst, IEEE Trans. Comput., 1984, c–33, 1160–1179; (b) D. E.
Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming: Numerical Algorithms,
3rd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1997.
16 T. Gupta and M. E. van der Boom, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2008, 47,
5322–5326.
17 T. Gupta and M. E. van der Boom, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128,
8400–8401.
The authors gratefully thank the Department of Science
and Technology (SERB/F/1448/2012-13), New Delhi and the
This journal is ©The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014
Chem. Commun., 2014, 50, 3783--3785 | 3785