J Surfact Deterg
Oda, R., Huc, I., & Candau, S. J. (1997) Gemini surfactants, the effect
of hydrophobic chain length and dissymmetry. Chemical Commu-
nications, 21:2105–2106.
Pal, N., Saxena, N., & Mandal, A. (2017) Synthesis, characterization,
and physicochemical properties of a series of quaternary gemini
surfactants with different spacer lengths. Colloid and Polymer Sci-
ence, 295:2261–2277.
Pei, X. M., You, Y., Zhao, J. X., Deng, Y. S., Li, E. J., & Li, Z. X.
(2010) Adsorption and aggregation of 2-hydroxyl-propanediyl-α,
ω-bis (dimethyldodecyl ammonium bromide) in aqueous solution:
Effect of intermolecular hydrogen-bonding. Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science, 351:457–465.
Conclusion
A series of m-s-m (OH) surfactants were synthesized and
characterized using H NMR and MS spectrometry. They
1
were found to be highly effective aqueous surfactants as
per the surface activities evaluation. The aggregation
behavior in aqueous solution studied using DLS and TEM
analyses indicate that the microstructure of surfactant
aggregates in aqueous solution strongly depends on the
lengths of the spacer chains and carbon chains.
ꢀ
Pisárcik, M., Jampílek, J., Devínsky, F., Drábiková, J., Tkacz, J., &
Opravil, T. (2016) Gemini surfactants with polymethylene spacer:
Supramolecular structures at solid surface and aggregation in aque-
ous solution. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 19:477–486.
Rosen, M. J., Mathias, J. H., & Davenport, L. (1999) Aberrant aggre-
gation behavior in cationic gemini surfactants investigated by sur-
face tension, interfacial tension, and fluorescence methods.
Langmuir, 15:7340–7346.
Sharma, V., Borse, M., Aswal, V. K., Pokhriyal, N. K., Joshi, J. V.,
Goyal, P. S., & Devi, S. (2004) Synthesis, characterization, and
SANS studies of novel alkanediyl-α,ω-bis(hydroxyethylmethylhex-
adecylammonium bromide) cationic gemini surfactants. Journal of
Colloid and Interface Science, 277:450–455.
Tiwari, A. K., Sonu, S. M., & Saha, S. K. (2013) Aggregation behav-
iour and thermodynamics of mixed micellization of gemini surfac-
tants with a room temperature ionic liquid in water and water-
organic solvent mixed media. Journal of Chemical Thermodynam-
ics, 60:29–40.
Tiwari, A. K., Sonu, S. M., & Saha, S. K. (2011) Study on premicellar
and micellar aggregates of gemini surfactants with hydroxyl
substituted spacers in aqueous solution using a probe showing
TICT fluorescence properties. Journal of Photochemistry and Pho-
tobiology A-Chemistry, 223:6–13.
Tiwari, A. K., Sonu, S. M., & Saha, S. K. (2012) Micellization behav-
ior of gemini surfactants with hydroxyl substituted spacers in water
and water-organic solvent mixed media: The spacer effect. Journal
of Molecular Liquids, 167:18–27.
Ulbricht, W., & Zana, R. (2001) Alkanediyl-α,ω-bis(dimethylalkylam-
monium bromide) surfactants. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physico-
chemical and Engineering Aspects, 183:487–494.
Wettig, S. D., Nowak, P., & Verrall, R. E. (2002) Thermodynamic
and aggregation properties of gemini surfactants with hydroxyl
substituted spacers in aqueous solution. Langmuir, 18:5354–5359.
Wettig, S. D., & Verrall, R. E. (2001) Thermodynamic studies of
aqueous m-s-m gemini surfactant systems. Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science, 235:310–316.
Acknowledgements The financial support from the National Key
R&D Program of China (No. 2017YFB0308700), the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21676003, 21376009)
and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project
(No. D17110500190000) is gratefully acknowledged.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict
of interest.
References
Borse, M., Sharma, V., Aswal, V. K., Goyal, P. S., & Devi, S. (2005)
Effect of head group polarity and spacer chain length on the aggre-
gation properties of gemini surfactants in an aquatic environment.
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 284:282–288.
Borse, M., Sharma, V., Aswal, V. K., Pokhriyal, N. K., Joshi, J. V.,
Goyal, P. S., & Devi, S. (2004) Small angle neutron scattering and
viscosity studies of micellar solutions of bis-cationic surfactants
containing hydroxyethyl methyl quaternary ammonium head
groups. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 6:3508–3514.
Borse, M. S., & Devi, S. (2004) Dependence of aggregation behavior
and physicochemical properties of bis-cationic surfactants on the
polarity of surfactant head group. Colloids and Surfaces A-
Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 245:1–8.
Huang, X., Han, Y. C., Wang, Y. X., Cao, M. W., & Wang, Y. L.
(2008) Aggregation properties of cationic gemini surfactants with
dihydroxyethylamino headgroups in aqueous solution. Colloids
and Surfaces A-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 325:
26–32.
Jenkins, K. M. (2000) Thermodynamic studies of bis (quaternary
ammonium) and (n-alkyl-) ionic surfactants. Saskatoon, Saskatche-
wan, Canada: University of Saskatchewan.
Jenkins, K. M., Wettig, S. D., & Verrall, R. E. (2002) Studies of the
aggregation behavior of cyclic gemini surfactants. Journal of Col-
loid and Interface Science, 247:456–462.
Ye, Z. W. (2004) Research on the synthesis, properties and applica-
tions of gemini cationic surfactants. Nanjing, Jiangsu, China: Nan-
jing University of Science and Technology.
Li, Z. X., Dong, C. C., & Thomas, R. K. (1999) Neutron reflectivity
studies of the surface excess of gemini surfactants at the air−water
interface. Langmuir, 15:4392–4396.
Zana, R. (2002a) Dimeric (gemini) surfactants: Effect of the spacer
group on the association behavior in aqueous solution. Journal of
Colloid and Interface Science, 248:203–220.
Menger, F. M., & Keiper, J. S. (2000) Gemini surfactants. Ange-
wandte Chemie International Edition, 39:1906–1920.
Menger, F. M., Keiper, J. S., & Azov, V. (2000) Gemini surfactants
with acetylenic spacers. Langmuir, 16:2062–2067.
Menger, F. M., & Littau, C. A. (1991) Gemini-surfactants: Synthesis
and properties. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 113:
1451–1452.
Zana, R. (2002b) Dimeric and oligomeric surfactants. Behavior at
interfaces and in aqueous solution: A review. Advances in Colloid
and Interface Science, 97:205–253.
Zhao, T. H., Dong, Z. M., Peng, G. F., Xing, J. Y., & He, Y. (2016)
Synthesis and properties of quaternary ammonium gemini surfac-
tants with hydroxyl groups. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry,
89:650–662.
J Surfact Deterg (2019)