CdSnO /SnD NPs as a Nanocatalyst for Carbonylation of o-Phenylenediamine with CO
3
2
catalysts are key ꢀactors ꢀor the appropriate conversion oꢀ
H
N
NH2
+
NH2
thermodynamically stable CO molecules [20, 21].
CdSnO /DFNS
3
2
CO2
O + H O
2
Recently, due to their considerable applications in ambi-
ent water ꢀiltration, semiconductor photocatalysts have
attracted many researchers and expanded rapidly. It is well
known that the excellent separation eꢀꢀiciency and low
recombination rate oꢀ produced electron–hole pairs are nec-
cessary to perꢀorm the efective photo oxidation reactions on
the catalyst ꢀor the degradation oꢀ organic pollutants under
UV–Vis light [22, 23].
N
H
Scheme 1 Carbonylation oꢀ o-phenylenediamine to benzimidazolone
with CO in the presence oꢀ CdSnO /DFNS NPs
2
3
2 Experimental
Cadmium stannate (CdSgnO ), as a ternary semiconduc-
2.1 General Procedure for the Preparation of SnD
Nanoparticles
3
tor oxide, processes praiseworthy reversible capacity, simple
construction, excellent architectures, moreover, it is cheap
and ꢀundamentally divers. Previously, the various synthe-
2.5 g oꢀ TEOS was dissolved in 30 mL cyclohexane and
1.5 mL 1-pentanol solution. Next, SnCl ·5H O (0.3 g),
sis methods ꢀor CdSnO with unique morphologies such
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4
2
as particle-shaped nanocrystal [24], thin-ꢁlm [25], cubic
1 g stirred solution oꢀ cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB),
and 0.6 g urea in water (30 mL) were added. The mixture
was stirred continually ꢀor 45 min at 25 °C. Then, it was
located in a Teꢃon-sealed hydrothermal reactor and heated
to 120 °C ꢀor 300 min. The silica constructed was iso-
lated using a centriꢀuge, washed by acetone and deionized
water, and dried (in a drying oven). Under the temperature
oꢀ 550 °C, it was calcined ꢀor 300 min in the air [33].
homogenously [26], and many morphologies and scales oꢀ
the CdSnO were provided using distinguished ways (e.g.,
3
precipitation [27], solvothermal [26], thermal decomposition
[
27], and Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP) technique [25].
In the recent works, gas sensing [26–28], catalytic behavior
[
28], photovoltaic cells [24], and lithium storage [27] have
been identiꢁed as ꢀunctions oꢀ CdSnO nanostructures. In
3
this work, we explored a simple and new method ꢀor the
production oꢀ CdSnO nanostructures through the ultrasonic
3
approach. This type oꢀ CdSnO has many beneꢁts, including
2.2 General Procedure for the Preparation
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large-scale ꢀabrication, medium temperature [29, 30], and
of CdSnO /SnD Nanoparticles
3
limited process time. CdSnO nanostructures are provided
3
through a ꢀacile ultrasound approach in the presence oꢀ a
To ꢀabricate CdSnO /SnD NPs, the ultrasonic-assisted
3
natural capping agent such as carbohydrate sugar oꢀ glucose
synthesis approach was utilized. First, a clear aque-
[
31].
ous solution was prepared ꢀrom Cd(CH COO) ·2H O,
3
2
2
According to previous research [32], concerning the
SnCl ·5H O, 0.3 g SnD, and glucose. For maintaining the
4 2
arranged mesoporous structure along with high surꢀace dis-
persion oꢀ Sn(IV), the centers oꢀ Sn(IV) whiten the MCM-41
molecular sieve ꢀramework. This was done through deploy-
ing the Direct Hydrothermal Synthesis (DHS) approach that
resulted in the active production oꢀ catalysts (Sn-MCM-41)
in the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation by an appropriate conver-
sion as well as high chemoselectivity. Hence, to construct
a catalyst to catalyze PDO oxidation, another approach oꢀ
combining the promoters (Sn(IV) species) in the support
hydroxide ꢀorm oꢀ Sn and Cd, NH was used as an alka-
3
line ꢀactor to adjust the pH oꢀ the ꢁnal mixture at 10. The
ultimate mixture was placed under ultrasound ꢀor 30 min
at 60 W. Then, the obtained samples were collected using
a centriꢀuge and washed by deionized water and ethanol.
The obtained products were dried at 80 °C in an oven.
To remove organic mixtures and prepare crystalline struc-
tures, the samples were dried and calcined under various
heating conditions.
ꢀ
ramework (MCM-41) was expanded directly to use promot-
ers at the surꢀace oꢀ the noble metals.
Thereꢀore, Sn species doping DFNS, knowing as SnD,
were produced with diferent ratios oꢀ Si/Sn through the
DHS approach [33, 34]. They were utilized to construct
SnD supported CdSnO NPs (CdSnO /SnD) catalysts to
2.3 General Approach for the Benzimidazolones
Synthesis
30 mg oꢀ CdSnO /SnD NPs and 1 mmol oꢀ o-phenylenedi-
3
3
3
decrease CdSnO in-situ on the surꢀace oꢀ SnD. In the case
amine derivatives were poured in a reactor vessel without
3
oꢀ the CdSnO /SnD catalyst, the Sn species in DFNS can be
utilizing any co-solvent. The vessel was exposed to con-
3
signiꢁcantly deployed as photocatalyst ꢀor the carbonylation
stant CO pressure under UV–Vis light (200 nm) ꢀor 1 h.
2
oꢀ o-phenylenediamine with CO which in comparison with
Upon completion, the reaction progress was analyzed using
2,
the non-Sn modiꢁed CdSnO /DFNS catalyst, demonstrating
TLC during the reaction. EtOH was released in the CdSnO /
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the positive promoting inꢃuence oꢀ Sn species (Scheme 1).
SnD NPs and the reaction mixture was vacuum-ꢁltered. The
1
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