10
S. Wuttke et al. / Catalysis Today 152 (2010) 2–10
[10] S.M. Coman, P. Patil, S. Wuttke, E. Kemnitz, Chem. Commun. (2009) 460.
[11] K. Tanabe, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 47 (1974) 1064.
[12] E. Kemnitz, Y. Zhu, B. Adamczyk, J. Fluorine Chem. 114 (2002) 163.
with stoichiometric amounts of HF in the simultaneous presence of
water is performed as competitive fluorolysis/hydrolysis reaction
partly hydroxylated MgF2 phases carrying Lewis and Brønsted acid
sites are obtained. These materials were successfully applied as
¨
[13] J.K. Murthy, U. Gross, S. Ru¨diger, E. Unveren, W. Unger, E. Kemnitz, Appl. Catal. A
282 (2005) 85.
[14] J.K. Murthy, U. Gross, S. Ru¨diger, E. Kemnitz, Appl. Catal. A 278 (2004) 133.
[15] H.A. Prescott, Z.-J. Li, E. Kemnitz, J. Deutsch, H. Lieske, J. Mater. Chem. 15 (2005)
4616.
[16] G. Spoto, E.N. Gribov, G. Ricchiardi, A. Damin, D. Scarano, S. Bordiga, C. Lamberti, A.
Zecchina, Prog. Surf. Sci. 76 (2004) 71.
heterogeneous catalysts in the (all-rac)-a-tocopherol synthesis.
Fine tuning of their acidic properties made it possible to obtain a
material which exhibits the right combination of Lewis/Brønsted
acid sites for an optimum in catalytic properties. Keeping in mind
that the fluorolytic sol–gel synthesis produces pure Lewis acidic
metal fluorides or mixed metal fluorides with different strengths,
based on this new fluorolytic sol–gel route a new class of tunable
acid–base catalysts has been introduced as summarised in Fig. 13.
[17] J.C. Lavalley, Catal. Today 27 (1996) 377.
[18] J.I. Di Cosimo, V.K. Diez, M. Xu, E. Iglesia, C.R. Apesteguia, J. Catal. 178 (1998) 499.
[19] J.A. Lercher, C. Colombier, H. Noller, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 80 (1984) 949.
[20] E. Kno¨zinger, K.-H. Jacob, S. Singh, P. Hofmann, Surf. Sci. 290 (1993) 388.
[21] C. Chizallet, G. Costentin, M. Che, F. Delbecq, P. Sautet, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129
(2007) 6442.
[22] S. Ru¨ diger, U. Groß, E. Kemnitz, J. Fluorine Chem. 128 (2007) 353–368.
[23] S. Wuttke, S.M. Coman, G. Scholz, H. Kirmse, A. Vimont, M. Daturi, S.L.M.
Schroeder, E. Kemnitz, Chem. Eur. J. 14 (2008) 11488.
Acknowledgments
[24] C. Chizallet, G. Costentin, M. Che, F. Delbecq, P. Sautet, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (2006)
15878.
The authors thank Prof. Dr. Marco Daturi (CNRS-Caen) for the
opportunity to perform the CO and CO2 measurements. Dr. G.
Scholz is acknowledged carrying out the 1H MAS NMR experi-
ments. Adrian Lehman is kindly acknowledged for helping with
some figures.
The Erasmus student Neil Thomson from Glasgow is kindly
acknowledged for the preparation of some materials and
performing some catalytic tests during his stay in Berlin.
Prof. Dr. S.M. Coman was a fellow of the Alexander von
Humboldt Foundation.
[25] S. Mukhopadhyay, C.L. Bailey, A. Wander, B.G. Searle, C.A. Muryn, S.L.M. Schroe-
der, R. Lindsay, N. Weiher, N.M. Harrison, Surf. Sci. 601 (2007) 4433.
[26] M.I. Zaki, H. Kno¨zinger, Mater. Chem. Phys. 17 (1987) 201.
[27] H. Kno¨zinger, P. Ratnasamy, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 17 (1978) 31.
[28] H. Eckert, J.P. Yesinowski, L.A. Silver, E.M. Stolper, J. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 2055.
[29] C. Chizallet, G. Costentin, H.L. Pernot, M. Che, C. Bonhomme, J. Maquet, F. Delbecq,
P. Sautet, J. Phys. Chem. C 111 (2007) 18279.
[30] S. Wuttke, G. Scholz, E. Kemnitz, unpublished results.
[31] J.A. Lercher, C. Gru¨ndling, G.E. Mirth, Catal. Today 27 (1996) 353.
[32] S. Coluccia, S. Lavagnino, L. Marchese, Mater. Chem. Phys. 18 (1988) 445.
[34] E. Kno¨zinger, K.-H. Jacob, S. Singh, P. Hofmann, Surf. Sci. 290 (1993) 388–402.
[35] P.O. Scokart, S.A. Selim, J.P. Damon, P.G. Rouxhet, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 70 (1979)
209.
[36] M.C. Clark, C. Morris Smith, D.L. Stern, J.S. Beck, (second, completely revised and
enlarged edition), in: G. Ertl, H. Kno¨zinger, F. Schu¨th, J. Weitkamp (Eds.),
Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis, vol. 7, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KGaA, 2008, p. 3153.
References
[1] L.L. Hench, J.K. West, Chem. Rev. 90 (1990) 33.
[2] H.K. Schmidt, Chem. unserer Zeit 3 (2001) 176.
[37] T. Netscher, Vitam. Horm. 76 (2007) 155.
[3] E. Kemnitz, U. Groß, S. Ru¨ diger, C.S. Shekar, Angew. Chem. 115 (2003) 4383;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42 (2003) 4251.
[4] S. Ru¨ diger, E. Kemnitz, Dalton Trans. (2008) 1117.
[5] T. Krahl, A. Vimont, G. Eltanany, M. Daturi, E. Kemnitz, J. Phys. Chem. C 111 (2007)
18317.
[6] S. Ru¨ diger, G. Eltanany, E. Kemnitz, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 299.
[7] M.N. Amiry, G. Eltanany, S. Wuttke, S. Ru¨ diger, E. Kemnitz, J.M. Winfield, J.
Fluorine Chem. 129 (2008) 366.
[8] S. Wuttke, G. Scholz, S. Ru¨ diger, E. Kemnitz, J. Mater. Chem. 17 (2007) 4980.
[9] S.M. Coman, S. Wuttke, A. Vimont, M. Daturi, E. Kemnitz, Adv. Synth. Catal. 350
(2008) 2517.
[38] A. Hasegawa, K. Ishihara, H. Yamamoto, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42 (2003) 5731.
[39] W. Bonrath, C. Dittel, L. Giraudi, T. Netscher, T. Pabst, Catal. Today 121 (2007) 65.
[40] S. Wang, W. Bonrath, H. Pauling, F. Kienzle, J. Supercrit. Fluids 17 (2000) 135.
[41] M.B. Tarabrin, G.G. Shestakov, R.P. Evstigneeva, E.Yu. Bulychev, Pharm. Chem. J. 18
(1984) 572.
[42] J. Greene, D. McHale, J. Chem. Soc. (1965) 5060.
[43] K.A. Parker, T.L. Mindt, Org. Lett. 3 (2001) 3875.
[44] H. Wang, B.-Q. Xu, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 275 (2004) 247.
[45] M. Matsui, N. Karibe, K. Hayashi, H. Yamamoto, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 68 (1995)
3569.