Paper
RSC Advances
sucrose (Table 4, Run 7), and only 7% from glucose (Table 4,
Run 8), respectively. Even under the conditions of increased
reaction temperature and prolonged reaction time, the EL yield,
obtained from glucose, cellobiose, and a-cellulose, were still
remarkable inferior (Table 4, Runs 9–11). Both sucrose and
inulin can be readily obtained from biomass such as sugarcane
7 A. Ranoux, K. Djanashvili, I. W. C. E. Arends and
U. Hanefeld, ACS Catal., 2013, 3, 760–763.
8 R. L. Liu, J. Z. Chen, X. Huang, L. M. Chen, L. L. Ma and
X. J. Li, Green Chem., 2013, 15, 2895–2903.
9 Y. Rom ´a n-Leshkov, J. N. Chheda and J. A. Dumesic, Science,
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sugarbeet, chicory, and cassava. For these reason, this process is 10 F. S. Asghari and H. Yoshida, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2006, 45,
an economically viable and environmentally attractive route to 2163–2173.
produce HMF and EL as sustainable chemicals using renewable 11 (a) Z.-Z. Yang, J. Deng, T. Pan, Q.-X. Guo and Y. Fu, Green
biomass as the raw material in one-pot reaction under reason-
ably mild reaction conditions.
Chem., 2012, 14, 2986–2989; (b) K.-I. Shimizu, R. Uozumi
and A. Satsuma, Catal. Commun., 2009, 10, 1849–1853; (c)
J. N. Chheda and J. A. Dumesic, Catal. Today, 2007, 123,
5
9–70; (d) X. H. Qi, M. Watanabe, T. M. Aida and
Conclusions
R. L. Smith, Jr, Green Chem., 2008, 10, 799–805.
In conclusion, IL-POMs are prominent solid acid catalysts for 12 M. Watanabe, Y. Aizawa, T. Iida, R. Nishimura and
one-pot conversion of fructose into HMF and alkyl levulinate. H. Inomata, Appl. Catal., A, 2005, 295, 150–156.
The catalytic activities of IL-POMs for fructose dehydration to 13 Y. Rom ´a n-Leshkov, C. J. Barrett, Z. Y. Liu and J. A. Dumesic,
HMF as well as fructose alcoholysis to EL followed the order of
Nature, 2007, 447, 982–985.
their acid strength. A major pathway for EL formation involves a 14 V. V. Ordomsky, J. van der Schaaf, J. C. Schouten and
fructose-to-HMF transformation followed by HMF ether- T. A. Nijhuis, J. Catal., 2012, 287, 68–75.
ication and rehydration of HMF-ether to give EL. Aer the 15 F. W. Lichtenthaler, Acc. Chem. Res., 2002, 35, 728–737.
reaction, the catalyst can easily be separated from the reaction 16 (a) D. A. Kotadia and S. S. Soni, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2013, 3,
mixture for reuse. Moreover, the developed method herein
provides a catalytic process for converting abundant, cheap and
renewable di- and polysaccharide such as sucrose and inulin to
biomass-based ne chemicals HMF and EL using recoverable
and cheap IL-POMs as catalysts. In addition, these processes
eliminate the need to obtain simple monosaccharide molecules
469–474; (b) H. Zhao, J. E. Holladay, H. Brown and
Z. C. Zhang, Science, 2007, 316, 1597–1600; (c) T. St ˚a hlberg,
W. J. Fu, J. M. Woodley and A. Riisager, ChemSusChem,
2011, 4, 451–458; (d) T. Okano, K. Qiao, Q. X. Bao,
D. Tomida, H. Hagiwara and C. Yokoyama, Appl. Catal., A,
2013, 451, 1–5.
by acid hydrolysis as a separate processing step. Therefore, solid 17 A. Lee, N. Chaibakhsh, M. B. A. Rahman, M. Basri and
acids IL-POMs are a step toward the more economical produc- B. A. Tejo, Ind. Crops Prod., 2010, 32, 246–251.
tion of HMF and EL through the processing of inexpensive, 18 A. Demirbas, Appl. Energy, 2011, 88, 17–28.
abundantly available and renewable biomass feedstocks.
19 F. Su, L. Ma, D. Y. Song, X. H. Zhang and Y. H. Guo, Green
Chem., 2013, 15, 885–890.
2
0 G. M. G. Maldonado, R. S. Assary, J. A. Dumesic and
L. A. Curtiss, Energy Environ. Sci., 2012, 5, 8990–8997.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by National Natural Science Founda- 21 Z. H. Zhang, K. Dong and Z. B. Zhao, ChemSusChem, 2011, 4,
tion of China (21172219 and 21207039), National Basic 112–118.
Research Program of China (973 Program, 2012CB215304), 22 J.-P. Lange, W. D. van de Graaf and R. J. Haan,
Scientic Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas ChemSusChem, 2009, 2, 437–441.
Chinese Scholars (State Education Ministry), and Guangdong 23 S. Saravanamurugan, O. N. Van Buu and A. Riisager,
Natural
Science
Foundation
(S2013010012986
and
ChemSusChem, 2011, 4, 723–726.
S2011010002274).
24 S. Saravanamurugan and A. Riisager, Catal. Commun., 2012,
17, 71–75.
2
5 L. C. Peng, L. Lin, J. H. Zhang, J. B. Shi and S. J. Liu, Appl.
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