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to ensure the heterogeneous nature of the catalyst. Mercury(0) was
imbibed as a metal (via synthesis). Consequently, it deactivated the
metal catalyst on active surface dramatically, and thus deactivated
the catalyst. Thus, this experiment demonstrates the heterogeneous
nature of the catalyst, which was performed using the model
reaction under the optimal conditions. Specifically. around
300 mol mercury was added to the reaction mixture after 5 h of
the reaction. The reaction mixture was stirred and after 10 h, due
to the catalyst being poisoned, no more conversion was observed.
Fig. 13 shows the kinetics of the reaction in the presence of Hg(0).
The negative results observed from the heterogeneity experiments
(hot filtration and Hg(0) poisoning) suggest that the solid catalyst
could not be retrieved and no heterogeneous metal leaching
occurred during the production of cyclic carbonate.
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Herein, we successfully prepared FeNi3/DFNS/salen/Pd(II) MNPs.
Additionally, the catalyst was characterized using various tech-
niques, including XPS, XRD, SEM, TGA, TEM, EDX, VSM, ICP,
and BET analyses. The as-synthesized FeNi3/DFNS/salen/Pd(II)
MNPs are a novel stable, low-cost and non-toxic catalytic system
for the synthesis of cyclic carbonate. The nanocomposite, due to
its superparamagnetic nature, particularly, could be easily sepa-
rated from the reaction mixture. Therefore, this catalyst did not
change its reaction states, and its catalytic activity and selectivity
were maintained for 10 consecutive runs without the need for
reactivation, which can alleviate environmental and economic
issues. Besides, the hot filtration experiments and mercury
poisoning confirmed the heterogeneous nature of the catalyst
and its negligible metal leaching.
Conflicts of interest
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24 S. M. Sadeghzadeh, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2016,
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There are no conflicts to declare.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No. LQ15E080007), and the
Jinhua Science and Technology Development Foundation of
China (Grant No. 2018-3-002, 2017-4-001 and 2019-4-168). Science
Foundation of Qianjiang College (No. 2019QJJL03 &2019QJXS02)
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Mater. Interfaces, 2015, 7, 4969–4978.
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