2
W. E. PRASETYO ET AL.
Introduction
[
1,2]
Diacylphloroglucinol
is a privileged natural phenolic compound, which has broad
[
3]
[4]
[5]
biological properties, namely antibacterial, antibiotic, antifungal, anticancer and
[
6–8]
anti-HIV.
crucial phenolic compound such as dimeric acylphloroglucinol.
diacylphloroglucinol compounds are widely found from natural sources such as plants,
Additionally, diacylphloroglucinol is a vital synthon to obtain of a various
[
7,9]
Naturally occurring
[
10]
microbes, and marine organisms.
Diacylphloroglucinol can be chemically synthesized
through the Friedel-Craft acylation reaction and promoted by Brønsted or Lewis acid
catalyst. Employing the Friedel-Craft reaction is the main strategy for making aromatic
[
11–14]
ketones.
Previous studies reported that the most electrophilic acylation of phloroglucinol was
catalyzed by various conventional homogenous catalysts such as Lewis acid (AlCl ,
3
[
4,15,16]
BF and ZnCl ) or Brønsted acid catalyst (HCl, HF, and H SO ).
In particular, all
3
2
2
4
of the previously mentioned strategies have limitations such as strict reaction condi-
tions, the use of dangerous and frequently expensive acid catalysts and solvents that
normally produce a large amount of toxic waste, longer reaction times, and low or
[
7,17]
moderate yields.
In addition, another problem might appear from the use of metal
halides that cause difficulties linked with the formation of strong complex among the
[
18]
product and the metal halide which avoids in excess of catalyst.
green revolution”, methanosulfonic (MSA) catalyst has been employed successfully as a
superior greener homogenous catalyst replacing the previous Friedel-Craft acylation
In terms of the
“
[
2,7,19]
conventional catalyst.
Despite its benefits, utilization of homogeneous catalytic sys-
tems for these reactions cause numerous issues such as formed contaminants along pre-
ferred products and difficulty in recovery, as well as difficulty of the catalyst separation
[
20,21]
and regeneration process.
A new and extensive synthetic method must involve as
[
22–24]
an element of environmental and ecological point of view.
By designing and
developing robust solid catalysts is the better one strategy of a fascinating and challeng-
ing ambition in Friedel-Craft acylation which recently the most attempts have been
[
25–29]
focused toward the use of a solid catalyst.
Utilization of zeolite as a catalyst in Friedel-Craft reactions is currently a popular
[
30–32]
research area.
Zeolite has been intensively evaluated as a heterogenous catalyst for
[30,32,33]
acylation or benzylation of various aromatic compounds.
Zeolite’s three-dimensional
cavities can provide a selective environment, which allows a specific chemical reaction
to occur. Additionally, its polar nature properties make it suitable for use as a solid acid
catalyst under solvent-free conditions. Representing reaction without the use amount of
solvent is not only a strategy for diminishing waste and energy intake, but also offers
[
34,35]
synthetic advantages in terms of effortlessness, yield, and selectivity.
Nevertheless,
the use of synthetic zeolites as catalysts are expensive, the presence of homogeneous
micropores and relatively high acidity, which encourage morph selectivity. However, the
small size homogeneous micropores entail a low rate of intracrystalline diffusion
between products and reactants, also the high possibility formation of pore-clogging. To
overcome these problems, mordenite is treated with acids causing the dealumination
process, which triggers the mesoporous structure development and acidity
[
36,37]
decrement.