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These results were obtained due to the temperature increase,
which increases the free energy of surfactant molecules in the
solvent and helps to push them to adsorb on the interface.44 The
increase in the surfactant molecule on the interface increases the
ability of the surfactant to solubilize the oil phase to form micro-
emulsion; further, the production of oil should be increased.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank EPRI-EOR unit, which was
established according to The Joint-Granted Project and collab-
oration contract no. 56/2015 between the Academy of Scientic
Research and Technology (ASRT) and the Egyptian Petroleum
Research Institute (EPRI).
3.7. Particle size characteristics [dynamic light scattering
(DLS)]
References
DLS is a light scattering technique where a laser is shown
through the aggregation of micelles, which causes the laser light
to scatter (Rayleigh scattering). Because the micelles moving
under Brownian motion, uctuations in the scattering were
measured at specic time intervals, which are then connected to
an autocorrelation function. A diffusion coefficient is then
determined using the Mie theory (based on this autocorrelation
function and the refractive index of the sample), followed by the
micelle size using the Stokes–Einstein equation. Immediately, at
CMC, the micelles were sized using the dynamic light scattering
(DLS) technique. DLS is a well-established and widely used
method for determining the size and polydispersity of micelles
aggregation within a sample. From the data of DLS, the micelle
size and zeta-potential of MOS aggregation are listed as: MOS–
Ni2+ (88.79 nm and 7.36 mV), MOS–Co2+ (81.43 nm and 7.93 mV),
MOS–Cu2+ (35.33 nm and 18.2 mV), MOS–Fe3+ (70.56 nm and
11.1 mV), MOS–Mn2+ (15.54 nm and 8.22 mV). It was found that
the size of the micelle of these families of surfactants is between
15.54 and 88.79 nm, whereas the results of zeta-potential (7.36
and 18.2 mV) are for all MOS–M complexes.
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The conclusion of this work can be drawn in the following
points:
(1) A new family of surfactants based on Salen–M complexes
named MOS–Ni2+, MOS–Co2+, MOS–Cu2+, MOS–Fe3+, and MOS–
1
Mn2+ were prepared. H NMR, FTIR, and SEM conrmed the
chemical structure of these surfactants.
(2) The surface–active properties of this new family of
surfactants were investigated, and they exhibited signicant
characteristics from the achieved data.
(3) The DLS study cleared that the MOS surfactants give
a spherical micelle at the CMC in the range from 7.36 to
18.2 nm.
(4) The IFT of the OMS surfactants at the CMC concentration
against heavy crude oil exhibited IFT situated between 10ꢀ2 and
10ꢀ1, which gives a good indication to use in the EOR
application.
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A. S. Yusuff, An overview of chemical enhanced oil
recovery: recent advances and prospects, Int. Nano Lett.,
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23 A. K. Manshad, M. Rezaei, S. Moradi, I. Nowrouzi and
A. H. Mohammadi, Wettability alteration and interfacial
tension (IFT) reduction in enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
Conflicts of interest
There are no conicts to declare.
1760 | RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 1750–1761
© 2021 The Author(s). Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry