Journal of Chromatographic Science, Vol. 41, October 2003
sample). On the contrary, the diuron peak remained constant
during this time. Therefore, it was deduced that the residual chlo-
rine (0.5–1 mg/L, according to the Mexican norm for tap water)
was capable of rapidly degrading isoproturon, but not diuron.
Finally, the stability of isoproturon and diuron in solution
(1995).
3
. S. Ben Rejeb, Ch. Cléroux, J.F. Lawrence, P.I. Geay, S. Wu, and S.
Stavinsky. Development and characterization of immunoaffinity
columns for the selective extraction of a new developmental pesti-
cide: thifluzamide, from peanuts. Anal. Chim. Acta 432: 193–200
(2001).
(
reagent water) and trapped in the IS cartridge was studied over a
4. S. Ben Rejeb, N. Fischer Durand, A. Martel, B. Le Poulennec, J.F.
Lawrence, M.-C. Hennion, and F. Le Goffic. Development of anti-
phenylurea antibody purification techniques for improved environ-
mental applications. Anal. Chim. Acta 376: 41–48 (1998).
period of 103 days. The variation of the relative analyte recovery
during this period in both media is shown in Figure 7. It is seen
that the compounds are quite stable either in the liquid phase or
adsorbed on the immunosorbent. In fact, after 103 days isopro-
turon was not degraded, and only approximately 20% of diuron
was lost. In this context, the interest of the cartridges is their
small size, which makes them ideal as an alternative means for
the transport of water samples. As shown in this work, the
required operations before the SPE of the samples in the IS car-
tridges are minimal (PBS addition and filtering), and therefore
the whole sample preparation can easily be performed onsite. In
this way, many water samples could be comfortably transported
in the cartridges from remote sampling sites to the laboratory for
their final analysis.
5
6
7
8
. J.C. Vazquez-Lira, E. Camacho-Frías, A. Peña-Alvarez, and L.E. Vera-
Avila. Preparation and characterization of a sol-gel immunosorbent
doped with 2,4-D antibodies. Chem. Mater. 15: 154–61 (2003).
. A. Bronshtein, N. Aharonson, D. Avnir, A. Turniansky, and M.
Altstein. Sol-gel matrixes doped with atrazine antibodies: atrazine
binding properties. Chem. Mater. 9: 2632–39 (1997).
. M. Cichna, D. Knopp, and R. Niessner. Immunoaffinity chromatog-
raphy of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in columns prepared by
the sol-gel method. Anal. Chim. Acta 339: 241–50 (1997).
. K. Haupt. “Noncovalent molecular imprinting of a synthetic polymer
with the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the presence
of polar protic solvents”. In Molecular and Ionic Recognition with
Imprinted Polymers, ACS Symposium Series 703. R.A. Bartsch and
M. Maeda, Eds. Oxford University Press, Washington, D.C., 1998,
Ch. 9.
9
. F. Lanza and B. Sellergren. “Molecularly imprinted extraction mate-
rials for highly selective sample cleanup and analyte enrichment”. In
Advances in Chromatography, Vol. 41. P.R. Brown and E. Grushka,
Eds. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, 2001, Ch. 4.
Conclusion
1
0. M.T. Muldoon and L.H. Stanker. Molecularly imprinted solid-phase
The commercial immunosorbent cartridges evaluated in this
work have proven to be an effective and reliable tool for the selec-
tive SPE of isoproturon and diuron from different aqueous
matrices. These cartridges cannot be considered as “class selec-
tive” because, from the six tested phenylureas, only two were
specifically recognized by the immobilized antibody. The main
advantage of their use is the rapidity and simplicity of the sample
preparation procedure that provides a very clean extract for direct
analysis by HPLC with UV detection. Other interesting features
are the possibility of reusing the same cartridge in many adsorp-
tion–desorption cycles (apparently there is no accumulation of
impurities on the sorbent) and the feasibility of using these car-
tridges as an alternative means for the transport of water samples
extraction of atrazine from beef liver extracts. Anal. Chem. 69:
803–808 (1997).
11. J.F. Lawrence, C. Ménard, M.-C. Hennion, V. Pichon, F. Le Goffic,
and N. Durand. Use of immunoaffinity chromatography as a simpli-
fied cleanup technique for the liquid chromatographic determination
of phenylurea herbicides in plant material. J. Chromatogr. A 732:
277–81 (1996).
1
2. V. Pichon, L. Chen, N. Durand, F. Le Goffic, and M.-C. Hennion.
Selective trace enrichment on immunosorbents for the multiresidue
analysis of phenylurea and triazine pesticides. J. Chromatogr. A 725:
107–19 (1996).
13. J.F. Lawrence, C. Ménard, M.-C. Hennion, V. Pichon, F. Le Goffic,
and N. Durand. Evaluation of immunoaffinity chromatography as a
replacement for organic solvent cleanup of plant extracts for the
determination of triazine herbicides by liquid chromatography.
J. Chromatogr. A 752: 147–54 (1996).
(the adsorbed analytes remain stable for a very long time period).
1
4. A. Houben, E. Meulenberg, T. Noij, C. Gronert, and P. Stoks.
Immunoaffinity extraction of pesticides from surface water. Anal.
Chim. Acta 399: 69–74 (1999).
1
5. I. Ferrer, V. Pichon, M.-C. Hennion, and D. Barceló. Automated
sample preparation with extraction columns by means of anti-iso-
proturon immunosorbents for the determination of phenylurea her-
bicides in water followed by liquid chromatography–diode array
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ical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 777: 91–98
Acknowledgments
Financial support for this work was provided by grants from
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México, CONACYT
(1997).
(project 34827-E).
1
6. I. Ferrer, M.-C. Hennion, and D. Barceló. Immunosorbents coupled
on-line with liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical
ionization / mass spectrometry for the part per trillion level determi-
nation of pesticides in sediments and natural waters using low pre-
concentration volumes. Anal. Chem. 69: 4508–14 (1997).
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