RSC Advances
route 4). Meanwhile, a certain amount of alkanes were
produced via palmitic acid decomposition. Hydroxyl butanoic
acid and pyrrolidone were derived from glutamic acid deami-
nation and decarbonylation (route 3) and from intermolecular
dehydration and decarboxylation (route 2). The latter, decar-
boxylation, is favored for biocrude upgrading.
For green fuel applications, the binary interaction of amino
acid and fatty acid should be suppressed. We acknowledge that
amide was formed at slightly higher temperature than the
decarboxylation of palmitic acid, as was illustrated in the DRIFT
Paper
(
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68–375.
3
1
2 M. Shahinuzzaman, Z. Yaakob and Y. Ahmed, Renewable
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4
. Conclusions
Fe
in a modied assembling method. An Fe
prepared by precipitation, coated by porous silica, and sup- 14 Y. Chen, Y. Wu, R. Ding, P. Zhang, J. Liu, M. Yang and
ported on Al-MCM-41 synthesized using clinoptilolite as an P. Zhang, AIChE J., 2015, 61, 1118–1128.
aluminum source. XRD, TEM, XPS, and UV-Vis-NIR character- 15 Q. Lin, Y. Chen, Y. Tang, K. Wu, M. Yang, H. Hu and Y. Wu,
2
O
3
/MCM-41 magnetic catalysts were designed and fabricated 13 N. S. Shamsul, S. K. Kamarudin and N. A. Rahman,
2 3
O
“core” was Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 2017, 80, 538–549.
izations conrmed that 20–30 nm g-Fe O particles were well
Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2017, 250, 120–127.
16 T. Yeh, S. Linic and P. E. Savage, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.,
2014, 2, 2399–2406.
2
3
dispersed on the mesoporous support.
The magnetic Fe /MCM-41 catalysts showed good perfor-
2 3
O
mance for chlorella HTL and upgrading of the derived biocrude. 17 J. Fu, C. Yang, J. Wu, J. Zhuang, Z. Hou and X. Lu, Fuel, 2015,
ꢀ
In the temperature range of 320–350 C and under subcritical
139, 678–683.
water, palmitic acid conversion was improved by 43–54% with 18 D. Kim, D. R. Vardon, D. Murali, B. K. Sharma and
Fe O /Al-MCM-41 catalyst in the absence of H . The activation
T. J. Strathmann, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2016, 4,
1775–1784.
19 S. Idesh, S. Kudo, K. Norinaga and J.-i. Hayashi, Energy Fuels,
2013, 27, 4796–4803.
2
3
2
energy for the catalytic decarboxylation of palmitic acid was
ꢁ
1
3
36.76 kJ mol on Fe O /Al-MCM-41.
2
3
In situ DRIFTS reaction test demonstrated that the decar-
ꢀ
boxylation initiation temperature was 195 C, and the produced 20 W. Li, Y. Gao, S. Yao, D. Ma and N. Yan, Green Chem., 2015,
ꢀ
CO
2
desorbed at 255 C. A good alternative may be to “distillate”
17, 4198–4205.
from the reaction system via process 21 J. Wu, J. Shi, J. Fu, J. A. Leidl, Z. Hou and X. Lu, Sci. Rep.,
2016, 6, 27820.
the produced CO
intensication.
2
The HTL reaction pathways of the binary mixture of glutamic 22 Y. Wang, S. De and N. Yan, Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 6210–
acid and palmitic acid were elucidated by product analysis, and
the chemical origins of the main products were proposed.
6224.
23 J. Bian, Q. Zhang, P. Zhang, L. Feng and C. Li, Catal. Today,
2017, 293, 159–166.
2
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4 S. Karnjanakom, T. Suriya-umporn, A. Bayu, S. Kongparakul,
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Conflicts of interest
There are no conicts to declare.
Acknowledgements
668–678.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science 26 N. Asikin-Mijan, H. V. Lee, Y. H. Tauq-Yap, G. Abdulkrem-
Foundation of China (No. 21376230) and The National Key
Technology R&D Program of China (No. 2011BAD14B00).
Alsultan, M. S. Mastuli and H. C. Ong, Energy Convers.
Manage., 2017, 141, 325–338.
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7 Y. Ling, M. Long, P. Hu, Y. Chen and J. Huang, J. Hazard.
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