10632
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 10632-10633
C-H Bond Activations by New Labile η6-Arene
Complexes of Iridium
Scheme 1
Francisco Torres, Eduardo Sola, Marta Mart´ın, Jose´ A. Lo´pez,
Fernando J. Lahoz, and Luis A. Oro*
Departamento de Qu´ımica Inorga´nica
Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Arago´n
UniVersidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
ReceiVed July 9, 1999
The activation of C-H bonds of hydrocarbons by transition
metal complexes is a process of central interest since it may lead
to the functionalization of unreactive compounds.1 To achieve
these challenging functionalizations, the C-H activating com-
pounds should remain reactive after the activation step, allowing
further transformations with the participation of the activated
substrate. However, this requirement is frequently not fulfilled
by the C-H activating metal complexes hitherto reported, which
in most cases are unable to create adequate coordination vacancies
after activation. This is the case of half-sandwich complexes of
iridium containing Cp* ligands which, despite their remarkable
capabilities for C-H bond activation, can only create coordination
vacancies through the elimination of the activated substrate.2 In
an attempt to overcome the limitations of these iridium complexes,
we searched for C-H activating species containing labile ligands.
This search has led us to the new half-sandwich η6-arene
complexes of iridium3 reported here.
1/2 equilibrium mixture with an excess of arenes other than
benzene readily affords products of arene substitution, as shown
in Scheme 1 for a variety of arenes. In the case of aniline, the
synthesis of complex 8 requires the use of the stoichiometric
amount of this ligand since the excess leads to the replacement
of the η6-aniline by three N-bonded anilines giving the cation
[IrH2(NH2Ph)3(PiPr3)]+(9), analogous to species 2, in equilibrium
with 8.
The spectroscopic data of the complexes shown in Scheme 1
are consistent with the fast rotation of the arene ligand around
the Ir-arene axis. This rotation results in the chemical equivalence
of the hydride ligands in the 293 K 1H NMR spectra, except for
complex 5 in which the asymmetry of the arene ligand allows
the observation of nonequivalent hydrides showing a mutual
coupling constant of 5.1 Hz. The structure of the mesitylene
derivative 4 determined by X-ray diffraction is shown in Figure
1.9
In contrast to that shown for 1-methylstyrene in Scheme 1,
the reaction of 1 with styrene does not give the arene substitution
product. In turn, styrene is hydrogenated to ethylbenzene, which
remains coordinated to the final reaction product 10 (Scheme 2).10
This reaction suggests the potential use of complex 1 as a
homogeneous hydrogenation catalyst, which has been successfully
tested for substrates such as alkenes and ketones.
In addition, this hydrogenation capability can be used with
synthetic purposes in the preparation of Ir(I)-alkene complexes,
as shown in Scheme 2 for the ethylene complex 11.11 Although
the solutions of 11 in acetone do not show any detectable product
of arene replacement by solvent molecules, the treatment of these
solutions with an excess of arenes such as mesitylene leads to
the product of arene substitution 12 (Scheme 2). This complex
can be also conveniently prepared by treatment of the dihydride
4 with ethylene in acetone. The spectroscopic data of the ethylene
derivatives 11 and 12 at room temperature are consistent with
Compound 17 is obtained as a white solid in 70% yield, in a
one-pot synthesis, by treatment of the dimer [Ir(µ-OMe)(cod)]2
with the phosphonium salt [HPiPr3]BF4 in acetone/benzene
solution, followed by reaction with hydrogen. The benzene ligand
of 1 is readily substituted by solvent molecules in acetone solution,
giving rise to the tris-acetone compound 2,8 in equilibrium with
1 (Scheme 1). The equilibrium constant for the formation of the
1
solvato species 2 (K ) [2][C6H6]/[1]) has been estimated by H
NMR as 0.45 mol, in acetone-d6 at 293 K. The treatment of the
(1) Shilov, A. E.; Shul’pin, G. B. Chem. ReV. 1997, 97, 2879.
(2) (a) Arndsten, B. A.; Bergman, R. G.; Mobley, T. A.; Peterson, T. H.
Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 154 and references therein. (b) Arndsten, B. A.;
Bergman, R. G Science 1995, 270, 1970. (c) Lohrenz, J. C.; Jacobsen, H.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1305.
(3) The iridium η6-arene complexes reported so far are restricted to Ir(III)
derivatives of general composition [CpIr(arene)]2+ (ref 4) and Ir(I) species of
formulas [Ir(arene)(diene)]+ (ref 5) and [Ir(arene)(P2)]+ (ref 6).
(4) (a) White, C.; Maitlis, P. M. J. Chem. Soc. A 1971, 3322. (b) White,
C.; Thompson, S. J.; Maitlis, P. M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1977, 1654.
(c) Grundy, S. L.; Maitlis, P. M. J. Organomet. Chem. 1984, 272, 265. (d)
Rybinskaya, M. I.; Kudinov, A. R.; Kaganovich, V. S. J. Organomet. Chem.
1983, 246, 279. (e) Herebian, D. A.; Schmidt, C. S.; Sheldrick, W. S; van
Wu¨llen, C. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1988, 1991. (f) Amouri, H.; Besace, Y.; Le
Bras, J.; Vaissermann, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 6171.
(5) (a) Schrock, R. R.; Osborn, J. A. Inorg. Chem. 1970, 9, 2339. (b)
Osborn, J. A.; Schrock, R. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 3089. (c) Dragget,
P. T.; Green, M.; Lowrie, S. F. E. J. Organomet. Chem. 1977, 135, C60. (d)
Bianchi, F.; Gallazzi, M. C.; Porri, L.; Diversi, P. J. Organomet. Chem. 1980,
202, 99. (e) Uso´n, R.; Oro, L. A.; Cabeza, J.; Foces-Foces, C.; Cano, F. H.;
Garc´ıa-Blanco, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1983, 246, 73. (f) Uso´n, R.; Oro, L.
A.; Carmona, D.; Esteruelas, M. A.; Foces-Foces, C.; Cano, F. H.; Garc´ıa-
Blanco, S.; Va´zquez de Miguel, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1984, 273, 111. (g)
Oro, L. A.; Valderrama, M.; Cifuentes, P.; Foces-Foces, C.; Cano, F. H. J.
Orgamet. Chem. 1984, 276, 67.
(8) Characterization data for 2: 1H NMR (acetone-d6, 253 K, 300 MHz) δ
-31.08 (d, JHP ) 23.7 Hz, 2H, Ir-H), 1.15 (dd, JHP ) 13.5 Hz, JHH ) 6.8
Hz, 18H, PCHCH3), 2.12 (m, 3H, PCHCH3); 31P{1H} NMR (acetone-d6, 253
K, 121 MHz) δ 31.32 (s); 13C{1H} NMR (acetone-d6, 253 K, 75 MHz) δ
16.49 (s, PCHCH3), 22.53 (d, JCP ) 35.2 Hz, PCHCH3). The tris-acetonitrile
analogue to complex 2 has been reported: Sola, E.; Bakhmutov, V. I.; Torres,
F.; Elduque, A.; Lo´pez, J. A.; Lahoz, F. J.; Werner, H.; Oro, L. A.
Organometallics 1998, 17, 683.
(9) Crystallographic data for 4: crystals are monoclinic, P21; a transparent
colorless irregular block was used (0.36 × 0.24 × 0.18 mm). Cell parameters
a ) 8.1477(7) Å, b ) 13.8943(12) Å, c ) 10.1659(9) Å, â ) 109.454(10)°;
Z ) 2; data collected at 150 K. All non-hydrogen atoms refined with
anisotropic adp’s; organic hydrogens included in calculated positions. Hydride
ligands obtained from difference Fourier maps and refined with low-angle
data (2θ e 40°); in the last cycles they were refined riding on the Ir atom
with two free isotropic thermal parameters. R1 ) 0.0345 (3675 reflections, I
e 2σ(I)) and wR2 ) 0.0833; GOF ) 1.079 (SHELXL-97 program).
(10) An analogous reaction leading to the cation [Ir(η6-C6H5Et)(PPh3)2]+
was reported in ref 6a.
(6) (a) Crabtree, R. H.; Mellea, M. F.; Mihelcic, J. M.; Quirk, J. M. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 107. (b) Schnabel, R. C.; Roddick, D. M. Organo-
metallics 1996, 15, 3550.
1
(7) Characterization data for 1: IR (Nujol mull) 2208, 2237 ν(Ir-H); H
NMR (CDCl3, 293 K, 300 MHz) δ -16.66 (d, JHP ) 27. 2 Hz, Ir-H), 1.08
(dd, JHP ) 15.6 Hz, JHH ) 7.2 Hz, 18H, PCHCH3), 2.14 (m, 3H, PCHCH3),
6.71 (s, 6H, C6H6); 31P{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 293 K, 121 MHz) δ 51.23 (s);
13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 293 K, 75 MHz) δ 19.78 (d, JCP ) 1.3 Hz, PCHCH3),
28.16 (d, JCP ) 34.4 Hz, PCHCH3), 97.99 (d, JCP ) 2.3 Hz, C6H6); MS (FAB+,
m/z (%)) 433 (100) [M+]; ΛM (5 × 10-4 M, acetone) ) 135 Ω-1 cm2 mol-1
(1:1). Anal. Calcd for C15H29BF4IrP: C, 34.69; H, 5.63. Found: C, 34.28; H,
5.87.
10.1021/ja9923890 CCC: $18.00 © 1999 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 10/30/1999