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J. Zhang et al. / Carbohydrate Research 346 (2011) 1327–1332
2
.2. Catalyst characterization
Acknowledgments
Powder X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was performed in a
Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer using CuK radiation. The oper-
The authors are grateful to the financial support from the Nat-
ural Science Foundation of China (50776035, U0733001), the Foun-
dation of Scientific Research for Universities (20070561038) from
the Ministry of Education of China, National High Technology Pro-
ject (863 project) (2007AA05Z408), National Key R&D Program
(2007BAD34B01) and the National Key Basic Research Program
(2010CB732201) from the Ministry of Science and Technology of
China.
a
ating voltage and current were 40 kV, 40 mA, respectively. The step
À1
length was 0.02° with scanning rate of 2° min . The distribution of
Ru particles in catalyst Ru/MCM-41 and Ru/C were determined
with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Nova Nano SEM 430
operating at 10 kV.
The properties of active Ru on support MCM-41 were deter-
mined by means of pulse chemisorption using Micromeritics Auto
chem II 2920. The pretreatment of samples included the following
steps: (1) heating up to 120 °C at the rate of 10 °C/min, waiting for
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3
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l