4
5
6
L. Wang and J. P. Stegemann, Glyoxal crosslinking of cell-seeded
chitosan/collagen hydrogels for bone regeneration, Acta Biomater.,
22 G. Laus, G. Bentivoglio, H. Schottenberger, V. Kahelnberg,
H. Kopacka, T. Roder and H. Sixta, Ionic liquids: current
developments, potential and drawbacks for industrial applications,
Lenzinger Berichte, 2005, 84, 71–85.
23 M. Rinaudo, Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications, Prog.
Polym. Sci., 2006, 31, 603–632.
2011, 7, 2410–2417.
M. Dash, F. Chiellini, R. M. Ottenbrite and E. Chiellini, Chitosan-
a versatile semisynthetic polymer in biomedical applications, Prog.
Polym. Sci., 2011, 36, 981–1014.
W. S. Xia, P. Liu, J. L. Zhang and J. Chen, Bioogical activities of
chitosan and chitooligosaccharides, Food Hydrocolloids, 2011, 25,
24 M. N. V. Ravikumar, A review of chitin and chitosan applications,
React. Funct. Polym., 2000, 46, 1–27.
1
70–179.
25 R. P. Swatloski, S. K. Spear, J. D. Holbrey and R. D. Rogers,
Dissolution of cellose with ionic liquids, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002,
124, 4974–4975.
7
8
9
Fuji Spinning Co. Ltd., Method for manufacturing chitosan fiber,
Japanese Patent 6059123, 1985.
Y. C. Wei, S. M. Hudson, J. M. Mayer and D. L. Kaplan, The
crosslinking of chitosan fibers, J. Polym. Sci, 1992, 30, 2187–2193.
S. H. Lee, S. Y. Park and J. H. Choi, Fiber formation and physical
properties of chitosan fiber crosslinked by epichlorohydrin in a wet
spinning system: The effect of the concentration of the crosslinking
agent epichlorohydrin, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004, 92, 2054–2062.
26 S. Liang, H. H. Ji, L. Li and S. T. Yu, Dissolution performance of
amino acid ionic liquid for chitosan, High. Poly. Mater. Sci. & Eng.
(Chinese), 2010, 26, 703–705.
27 Y. Kou, G. H. Tao, L. He, The method on preparation of amino acid
ionic liquids, CN200410009958.3, 2005.
28 R. Hagege, Fibres ꢀa usage techniques—Fibres, fils et tissus textiles,
Techni. de l’Ingenieur, 1993, A 3980.
29 S. Salmon and S. M. Hudson, Shear-precipitated chitosan powders,
fibrids, and fibrid papers – observations on their formation and
characterization, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 1995, 33,
1007–1014.
30 K. D. Nelson, A. A. Romero-Sanchez, G. M. Smith, Drug releasing
biodegradable fiber implant, US 6596296, 2003.
31 L. P. Du, C. Q. Xu and Z. M. Guo, Studies on the solubility of
chitosan, Chemical Engineer (Chinese), 1990, 6, 10–12.
32 H. Xie, S. Zhang and S. Li, Chitin and chitosan dissolved in ionic
1
1
1
1
1
0 Q. Yang, F. Dou, B. Liang and Q. Shen, Studies of cross-linking
reaction on chitosan fiber with glyoxal, Carbohydr. Polym., 2005,
59, 205–210.
1 J. Z. Knaul, S. M. Hudson and K. A. M. Creber, Crosslinking of
chitosan fibers with dialdehydes: Proposal of a new reaction
mechanism, J. Polym. Sci., 1999, 37, 1079–1094.
2 S. Hirano, K. Nagamura and M. Zhang, Chitosan staple fibers and
their chemical modification with some aldehydes, Carbohydr.
Polym., 1999, 38, 293–298.
3 J. Z. Knaul, S. M. Hudson and K. A. M. Creber, Improved
mechanical properties of chitosan fibers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1999,
liquids as reversible sorbents of CO
633.
2
, Green Chem., 2006, 8, 630–
72, 1721–1732.
4 J. Chen, L. S. Loo and K. Wang, Enhanced mechanical properties of
novel chitosan nanocomposite fibers, Carbohydr. Polym., 2011, 86,
33 T. D. Jiang, Chitin, Chemical Industry Press, 2006.
34 R. Minke and J. Blackwell, The structure of a-chitin, J. Mol. Biol.,
1978, 120, 167–181.
1151–1156.
1
5 C. E. George and Y. Qin, Wet spinning of chitosan and the acetylation
of chitosan fibers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1993, 50, 1773–1779.
6 J. Z. Knaul, PhD thesis, Improved mechanical properties of chitosan
fibers, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ont., Canada,
35 J. Cho, M. C. heuzey, A. Begin and P. J. Carreau, Viscoelastic
properties of chitosan solutions: Effect of concentration and ionic
strength, J. Food Eng., 2006, 74, 500–515.
36 J. D. Ferry, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 3rd edn, John Wiley
& Sons, 1980.
1
1998.
1
7 N. Laure, V. Christophe, A. Pierre, R. Cyrille and D. Alain,
Morphology and mechanical properties of chitosan fibers obtained
by gel-spinning: Influence of the dry-jet-stretching step and ageing,
Acta Biomater., 2006, 2, 387–402.
8 C. E. Bracker, J. R. Herrera and S. B. Garcia, Chitin, Pergamon Press,
Oxford, 1977.
9 W. P. Ban, J. G. Song, D. S. Argyropoulos and L. A. Lucia, Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res., 2006, 45, 627–633.
0 C. B. Yue, D. Fang, L. Liu and T. F. Yi, Synthesis and application of
task-specific ionic liquids used as catalysts and/or solvents in organic
unit reactions, J. Mol. Liq., 2011, 163, 99–121.
37 H. Struszczyk, Preparation of Chitosan Fibres, Italy: Atec Edizioni,
1997.
38 M. L. Tsaih and R. H. Chen, Effect of molecular weight and urea on
the conformation of chitosan molecules in dilute solutions, Int. J.
Biol. Macromol., 1997, 20, 233–240.
39 R. H. Chen and M. L. Tsaih, Urea-induced conformational changes
of chitosan molecules and the shift of break point of Mark–
Houwink equation by increasing urea concentration, J. Appl.
Polym. Sci., 2000, 75, 452–457.
1
1
2
40 R.
K.
Mohammad,
Calculation
of
Mark–Houwink–
Sakurada(MHS) equation viscometric constants for chitosan in
any solvent-temperature system using experimental reported
viscometric constants data, Carbohydr. Polym., 2007, 68, 477–
488.
2
1 C. Wang, W. J. Zhao, H. R. Li and L. P. Guo, Solvent-free synthesis
of unsaturated ketones by the Saucy–Marbet reaction using simple
ammonium ionic liquid as a catalyst, Green Chem., 2009, 11, 843–847.
This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012
J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 8585–8593 | 8593