M. Raita et al. / Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 73 (2011) 74–79
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containing high FFA contents. The optimized process led to high
product yields comparable to those previously reported for acid-
catalyzed [31], thermocatalytic [4] and whole-cell biocatalytic
methods [25]; however, with its key advantages over the exist-
ing methods, including mild operating conditions and low catalyst
preparation cost. The use of glycine as the core matrix for
precipitation-based immobilized enzyme was reported, suggest-
ing the potential on using glycine as the core matrix component for
preparation of high performance CL-PCMCs for catalysis in non-
aqueous systems. The biocatalytic process developed in this study
thus provides a promising approach for production of biodiesel
from inexpensive feedstocks with high FFA contents. Further devel-
opment of the CL-PCMC-lipase based processes would lead to an
improvement on the process economics of biodiesel industry.
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by the Discovery Based Devel-
opment Grant from the National Science and Technology
Development Agency and Thailand Research Fund. Raita M. was
supported by the Royal Golden Jubilee Scholarship. Manuscript
proofreading by Dr. Philip James Shaw is appreciated. The authors
also would like to thank Ms. Suphakan Kijamnajsuk, National Cen-
ter for Metal and Material Technology for XRD analysis.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Batch number
Fig. 7. Stability of CL-PCMC-lipase in consecutive batch reactions. CL-PCMC-lipase
was reused in consecutive batch reactions with or without organic solvent treat-
ment. The reactions contained 250 mg of palmitic acid, 4:1 [EtOH]/[FFA] molar
ratio, in the presence of 1:1 [t-BuOH]/[FFA] molar ratio with 20% (w/w) CL-PCMC-
lipase. The reactions were incubated at 50 ◦C for 6 h. CL-PCMC-lipase was treated
by washing with 1 ml of the solvent twice before using in the consecutive batch.
tert-butanol (circle).
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a
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