2234
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19, 2000
H. Mulder et al.
2. Brusseau ML, Jessup RE, Rao PSC. 1991. Nonequilibrium sorp-
tion of organic chemicals: Elucidation of rate-limiting processes.
Environ Sci Technol 25:134–142.
3. Chung GY, McCoy BJ, Scow KM. 1993. Criteria to assess when
biodegradation is kinetically limited by intraparticle diffusion and
sorption. Biotechnol Bioeng 41:625–632.
4. Connaughton FC, Stedinger JR, Lion LW, Shuler ML. 1993. De-
scription of time-varying desorption kinetics: Release of naph-
thalene from contaminated soils. Environ Sci Technol 27:2397–
2403.
5. De Jonge H. 1996. Sorption, bioavailability and mineralization
of hydrocarbons in contaminated soils. PhD thesis. University of
Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
6. Guerin WF, Boyd SA. 1992. Differential bioavailability of soil-
sorbed naphthalene to two bacterial species. Appl Environ Mi-
crobiol 58:1142–1152.
7. Volkering F. 1996. Bioavailability and biodegradation of poly-
cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PhD thesis. Agricultural University
of Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
8. Wu S, Gschwend PM. 1986. Sorption kinetics of hydrophobic
organic compounds to natural sediments and soils. Environ Sci
Technol 20:717–725.
9. Crocker FH, Guerin WF, Boyd SA. 1995. Bioavailability of naph-
thalene sorbed to cationic surfactant-modified smectite clay. En-
viron Sci Technol 29:2953–2958.
10. Darbyshire JF, Chapman SJ, Cheshire MV, Gauld JH, McHardy
WJ, Paterson E, Vaughan D. 1993. Methods for the study of
interrelationships between micro-organisms and soil structure.
Geoderma 56:3–23.
11. Harms H. 1996. Bacterial growth on distant naphthalene diffusing
through water, air, and water-saturated and non-saturated porous
media. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2286–2293.
12. Mulder H, Breure AM, Van Andel JG, Grotenhuis JTC, Rulkens
WH. 1998. Influence of hydrodynamic conditions on naphthalene
dissolution and subsequent biodegradation. Biotechnol Bioeng
57:145–154.
13. Mulder H, Breure AM, Van Honschooten D, Grotenhuis JTC,
Van Andel JG, Rulkens WH. 1998. Effect of biofilm formation
by Pseudomonas 8909N on the bioavailability of solid naphtha-
lene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50:277–283.
croporous media in terms of a porosity, a tortuosity and a con-
strictivity factor. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 17:1093–1103.
22. Ball WP, Roberts PV. 1991. Long-term sorption of halogenated
organic chemicals by aquifer material. 2. Intraparticle diffusion.
Environ Sci Technol 25:1237–1249.
23. Levins DM, Glastonbury JR. 1972. Application of Kolmogoroff’s
theory to particle–liquid mass transfer in agitated vessels. Chem
Eng Sci 27:537–543.
24. Perry RH, Chilton CH, Kirkpatrick SD. 1963. Chemical Engi-
neers’ Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA.
25. Schlegel HG. 1981. Allgemeine Mikrobiologie. Thieme Verlag,
Stuttgart, Germany.
26. Press WH, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT, Flannery BP. 1992.
Numerical Recipes in Fortran: The Art of Scientific Computing.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
27. Foo SC, Rice RG. 1979. Sorption equilibria and rate studies on
resinous retardation beads. 2. Rate studies. Ind Eng Chem Fun-
dam 18:68–75.
28. Volkering F, Breure AM, Sterkenburg A, Van Andel JG. 1992.
Microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Ef-
fect of substrate availability on bacterial growth kinetics. Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol 36:548–552.
29. Chiou CT, McGroddy SE, Kile DE. 1998. Partition characteristics
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soils and sediments. En-
viron Sci Technol 32:265–269.
30. Karickhoff SW. 1981. Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of
hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils. Chemo-
sphere 10:833–846.
31. Hinz C, Gaston LA, Selim HM. 1994. Effect of sorption isotherm
type on predictions of solute mobility in soil. Water Resour Res
30:3013–3021.
32. Huang W, Weber WJ. 1997. A distributed reactivity model for
sorption by soils and sediments. 10. Relationships between de-
sorption, hysteris, and the chemical characteristics of organic do-
mains. Environ Sci Technol 31:2562–2569.
33. Liu KH, Enfield CG, Mravik SC. 1991. Evaluation of sorption
models in the simulation of naphthalene transport through satu-
rated soils. Ground Water 29:685–692.
34. Weber WJ, Miller CT. 1988. Modeling the sorption of hydro-
phobic contaminants by aquifer materials—I. Water Res 22:457–
464.
35. Komiyama H, Smith JM. 1974. Intraparticle mass transport in
liquid-filled pores. AIChE J 20:728–734.
36. Mulder H, Breure AM, Rulkens WH. 1998. Bioremediation po-
tential as influenced by the physical status of PAH pollutants.
Proceedings, Contaminated Soil 1998, Edinburgh, UK, May 17–
21, pp 133–142.
37. Eschenbach A, Ka¨stner M, Bierl R, Scheafer G, Mahro B. 1994.
Evaluation of a new, effective method to extract polycyclic ar-
omatic hydrocarbons from soil samples. Chemosphere 28:683–
692.
38. Hatzinger PB, Alexander M. 1995. Effect of aging of chemicals
in soil on their biodegradability and extractability. Environ Sci
Technol 29:537–545.
14. Scow KM, Alexander M. 1992. Effect of diffusion on the kinetics
of biodegradation: Experimental results with synthetic aggregates.
Soil Sci Soc Am J 56:128–134.
15. Dexter AR. 1988. Advances in characterization of soil structure.
Soil Tillage Res 11:199–238.
16. Emerson WW, Foster RC, Oades JM. 1986. Organo-mineral com-
plexes in relation to soil aggregation and structure. Soil Sci Soc
Am J 17:521–547.
17. Kay BD. 1990. Rates of change of soil structure under different
cropping systems. Adv Soil Sci 12:1–51.
18. Waters AG, Oades JM. 1991. Organic matter in water-stable ag-
gregates. In Wilson WS, ed, Advances in Soil Organic Matter
Research. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp 163–
174.
19. Kleijntjens R. 1991. Biotechnological slurry process for the de-
contamination of excavated polluted soils. PhD thesis. Technical
University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands.
39. Szabo G, Guczi J. 1995. Examination of silica-salicyclic acid and
silica-8-hydroxyquinoline HPLC stationary phases for estimation
of the adsorption coefficient of soil for some aromatic hydrocar-
bons. Chemosphere 30:1717–1727.
20. Bird RB, Stewart WE, Lightfoot EN. 1960. Transport Phenom-
ena. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA.
21. Van Brakel J, Heertjes PM. 1974. Analysis of diffusion in ma-
40. Gustafson KE, Dickhut RM. 1994. Molecular diffusivity of poly-
cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solution. J Chem Eng
Data 39:281–285.