Analytical Chemistry
Article
new robust SERS assay. Most importantly, we have reduced the
acquisition time 30-fold from a 10 min HPLC analysis to just
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Because xanthine oxidase is able to perform multiple
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enzymatic steps, we extended our study to investigate the
conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid.
Similar levels of accuracy and reproducibility were observed, as
well as achieving a 36-fold reduction in acquisition time. The
ability to monitor rapidly multistep conversions, for example in
synthetic biology approaches to synthesis and in drug
metabolism, where intermediates share similar structures/
functional groups as has been achieved here, is highly desirable.
Finally we have also successfully applied SERS for
monitoring enzyme inhibition where different concentrations
of oxypurinol were introduced to the XO-mediated reaction.
Oxypurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and active metabolite
of the commercially available drug allopurinol. Hence our
findings may also have additional application in drug screening
programs.
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ASSOCIATED CONTENT
Supporting Information
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Full details of SERS optimization and band assignments
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Table S1), pictorial representation of process (Figure
S1), data analysis methods employed and reproducibility
of SERS process (Figures S2−S7 and Table S2), standard
mixtures of xanthine and uric acid (Table S3), and full
(
2
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AUTHOR INFORMATION
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31) Haes, A. J.; Haynes, C. L.; McFarland, A. D.; Schatz, G. C.; Van
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Notes
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The authors declare no competing financial interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Turner, N. J.; Carnell, A. J. Green Chem. 2014, 16, 4524−4529.
(
C.W. is grateful to BBSRC for a Ph.D. studentship. A.J.C.
acknowledges BBSRC for funding (Grant BB/M028631/1).
N.J.T. and R.G. are also indebted to BBSRC and GSK for
financial funding (Grant BB/K00199X/1). N.J.T. thanks the
Royal Society for a Wolfson Research Merit Award.
37) Herter, S.; McKenna, S. M.; Frazer, A. R.; Leimkuhler, S.;
̈
Carnell, A. J.; Turner, N. J. ChemCatChem 2015, 7, 2313−2317.
(38) McKenna, S. M.; Leimkuhler, S.; Herter, S.; Turner, N. J.;
Carnell, A. J. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 3271−3275.
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