E. Modrogan et al. / Journal of Catalysis 261 (2009) 177–187
187
and WO3/ZrO2) has been not used, the strong signals for Py-FT-IR
and NH3-TPD in the case of WO3/ZrO2 suggest a larger amount
of acidic sites available for catalysis. Therefore, the better catalytic
results observed for WO3/ZrO2 for the production of 2,4-di-tert-
butylphenol are believed to be due not only to the presence of
both types of acid centers but also to the higher acidity of the
catalyst.
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(
[
[
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9.
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[
[
4
. Conclusion
8
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Phenol alkylation with isobutene is among the organic reactions
457;
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that are requiring a certain control of type and strength of acid-
ity of the solid acid catalyst if high reaction selectivity is to be
achieved. In this respect, we developed a pure Lewis acidic solid
catalyst by covalent immobilization of a phosphonium based ionic
liquid on silica type carrier. The best choice when considering such
a reaction was to design an In-based immobilized phosphonium
ionic liquid, since Al-based ionic liquids are very sensitive to mois-
ture. The liquid-phase tert-butylation of phenol with isobutene to
produce di-alkylphenols was successfully shown to be dependent
on the type and strength of acid sites of the catalyst. The catalyst
WO3/ZrO2 was able to produce 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol with a se-
lectivity of about 80% at complete conversion of phenol. Moreover,
studies regarding the recycling and reuse of such catalyst have
showed the maintenance of catalytic performance over at least 4
cycles. The high selectivity of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol is considered
satisfactory for the implementation of such a catalyst in an indus-
trial process due to the fact that no other di-alkylated isomer was
observed. Right now, WO3/ZrO2 catalyst is considered the best cat-
alyst for the formation of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol because no better
results could be found in the literature.
[
[
[
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(
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Acknowledgments
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The authors are grateful to SI Group-Switzerland GmbH and to
Dr. Tobias Lotz for financially supporting the work with immobi-
lized ionic liquids. A patent application for catalyst WO3/ZrO2 has
been filed.
[
36] W.-D. Sun, Z.-B. Zhao, C. Guo, X.-K. Ye, Y. Wu, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39 (2000)
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