NJC
Paper
11 D. H. Phan-Vu and C. S. Tan, RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 18178–18188.
12 C. H. Xiang, L. Jinyong and J. S. Timothy, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 2018, 52, 4235–4243.
13 R. Baumgartner and K. McNeill, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2012,
46, 10199–10205.
14 S. Hu, M. Xue, H. Chen and J. Shen, Chem. Eng. J., 2010, 162,
371–379.
15 A. C. Gluhoi, P. Marginean and U. Stanescu, Appl. Catal., A,
2005, 294, 208–214.
Conclusion
In this work, the effect of the presence of Al in MCF with
different Si/Al ratios on the performance of Rh1/Al-MCF catalysts
was systematically studied for the solvent-free hydrogenation of
DOP to DEHHP. Al-MCF was synthesized using a post-synthetic
method, and Rh was incorporated into the Al-MCF supports
through CFD. The physicochemical properties of all the synthesized
catalysts were characterized using various analytical techniques. The
results demonstrated that MCF retained its meso-structure after
incorporation with Al and Rh. Al incorporated onto the framework
of MCF contributed to an increase in the total number of acid sites
and helped accomplish complete hydrogenation. In addition, the
interaction of Rh with the support became stronger with increasing
Al doping and reached a maximum at a Si/Al ratio of 5.
100% conversion of DOP to DEHHP with no side products was
achieved within 1 h of reaction at a Si/Al ratio of 5, a temperature of
80 1C and a H2 pressure of 68 atm for the synthesized Rh1/Al5-MCF
catalyst. This conversion was almost 3.5 times the conversion
obtained using the Rh1/MCF catalyst without any Al modification
under the same reaction conditions. Solvent-free hydrogenation
under mild reaction conditions with a green catalyst synthesis
makes this reaction a candidate for a green and sustainable process.
16 C. H. Yen, H. W. Lin and C. S. Tan, Catal. Today, 2011, 174,
121–126.
17 T. Yasmin and K. Muller, J. Chromatogr. A, 2011, 1218, 6464–6475.
18 D. J. N. Subagyono, M. Marshall, G. P. Knowles and A. L. Chaffee,
Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2014, 186, 84–93.
19 S. Chen, J. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao and J. Hong, Catal. Sci.
Technol., 2013, 3, 1063–1068.
20 R. L. Oliveira, T. Nijholt, M. Shakeri, P. E. de Jongh,
R. J. M. Klein Gebbink and K. P. de Jong, Catal. Sci. Technol.,
2016, 6, 5124–5133.
21 D. Zhao, J. Feng, Q. Hua, N. Melosh, G. H. Fredrickson,
B. F. Chmelka and G. D. Stucky, Science, 1998, 279, 548–552.
22 L. Huang, Z. M. Xing, Y. Kou, L. Y. Shi, X. Q. Liu, Y. Jiang
and L. B. Sun, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2018, 57, 3561–3566.
23 M. X. Gu, Y. Kou, S. C. Qi, M. Q. Shao, M. B. Yue, X. Q. Liu and
L. B. Sun, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2019, 7, 2837–2843.
24 C. Niklasson and G. Smedler, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1987, 26,
403–410.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts to declare.
25 S. Song, X. Yang, B. Wang, X. Zhou, A. Duan, K. Chi, Z. Zhao,
C. Xu, Z. Chen and J. Li, Chin. J. Catal., 2017, 38, 1347–1359.
26 P. Kustrowski, L. Chmielarz, R. Dziembaj, P. Cool and
E. F. Vansant, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 11552–11558.
27 D. P. Debecker, C. Boissiere, G. Laurent, S. Huet, P. Eliaers,
C. Sanchez and R. Backovc, Chem. Commun., 2015, 51,
14018–14021.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of
the Ministry of Science and Technology, ROC, grant number
(MOST 106-2622-8-007-017) and the National Tsing Hua University,
Taiwan, ROC.
28 W. Yu, Y. P. Hsu and C. S. Tan, Appl. Catal., B, 2016, 196, 185–192.
29 C. H. Yen, H. W. Lin, T. D. Phan and C. S. Tan, J. Nanosci.
Nanotechnol., 2011, 11, 2465–2469.
Notes and references
1 S. M. Richardson, S. Bosch, S. Swarts, F. Llados and D. A. 30 H. W. Lin, C. H. Yen, Y. P. Hsu and C. S. Tan, RSC Adv.,
Gray, Toxicological profile for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate,
2013, 3, 17222–17227.
ATSDR and SRC Press, Georgia, NY, 2002.
31 J. Lim, S. S. Lee and J. Y. Ying, Chem. Commun., 2010, 46, 806–808.
2 J. Zhang, L. Liu, X. Wang, Q. Huang, M. Tian and H. Shen, 32 J. C. Park, J. I. Kwon, S. W. Kang, D. H. Chun, H. Jung,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 2016, 50, 5953–5960. H. T. Leea and J. I. Yang, New J. Chem., 2016, 40, 9586–9592.
3 Y. J. Ding, C. Diao, L. Ma and P. Lin, CN Pat., 200810224900, 2008. 33 Y. Miao, G. Lu, X. Liu, Y. Guo, Y. Wang and Y. Guo,
4 H. Bohnen, T. Klein and K. Bergrath, US Pat., 9051A1, 2003.
Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2009, 122, 55–60.
5 S. L. Cook, G. Irick and C. S. Moorehouse, US Pat., 5202475A, 34 A. R. Huirache, B. Pawelec, E. R. Munoz, R. Nava, J. Espino
2005. and J. L. G. Fierro, Appl. Catal., B, 2009, 92, 168–184.
6 S. Liu, C. Xie, S. Yu, F. Liu and Z. Song, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35 L. Zhu, X. Q. Liu, H. L. Jiang and L. B. Sun, Chem. Rev., 2017,
2011, 50, 2478–2481. 117, 8129–8176.
7 J. Zhao, M. Xue, Y. Huang and J. Shen, Catal. Commun., 2011, 36 H. J. Chae, T. W. Kim, Y. K. Moon, H. K. Kim, K. E. Jeong,
16, 30–34. C. U. Kim and S. Y. Jeong, Appl. Catal., B, 2014, 150, 596–604.
8 M. Grass, A. Kaizik, W. Bueschken, A. Tuchlenski, D. Maschmeyer, 37 M. Piumetti, M. Hussain, D. Fino and N. Russo, Appl. Catal., B,
K. A. Gaudschun and F. Brocksien, US Pat., 7361714B2, 2008.
2015, 165, 158–168.
9 H. Bohnen, T. Klein and K. Bergrath, US Pat., 20030009051Al, 38 S. Bhattacharjee, W. Y. Lu and C. S. Tan, Fuel, 2019, 243,
2004. 210–220.
10 H. K. Chang, C. H. Lee, K. C. Wu and H. Y. Hsu, US Pat., 39 S. K. Sharma, K. B. Sidhpuria and R. V. Jasra, J. Mol. Catal. A:
150614A1, 2013. Chem., 2011, 335, 65–70.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2019
New J. Chem.