STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF CELLULOSE
995
2
a high intrinsic tensile strength (up to 2 kgf mm )
[26]. The X-ray patterns suggest that the microfibrillar
ribbons oriented on the film surface act not
only as a reinforcing network but also as hydrophilic
layers capable of interacting with a large amount of
water molecules. According to electron-microscopic
data [35], the diameter of the aggregates is about
50 nm, and their length is extremely large. Microfib-
rillar aggregates occupy an insignificant part of the gel
film volume, which allows introduction depending on
the degree of film drying, of diverse systems into gel
films. For example, it has been shown that a CAX gel
film is an excellent carrier of such antiseptics as Cata-
pol and Poviargol containing silver clusters [37, 38].
4. Ranby, B., Cellulose Chem. Technol., 1997, vol. 31,
pp. 3 16.
5. O’Sullivan, A.C., Cellulose, 1997, vol. 4, pp. 173 207.
6. Vietor, R.J., Mazeau, K., Lakin, M., and Perez, S.,
Biopolymer, 2000, vol. 54, pp. 342 354.
7. Wada, M., Okano, T., and Sugiyama, J., Cellulose,
1997, vol. 4, pp. 221 232.
8. Wada, M., Okano, T., and Sugiyama, J., J. Wood Sci.,
2001, vol. 47, pp. 124 128.
9. Debzi, E.M., Chanzy, H., Sugiyama, J., et al., Macro-
molecules, 1991, vol. 24, no. 25, pp. 6816 6822.
10. Sugiyama, J., Young, R., and Chanzy, H., Macro-
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vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1313 1317.
13. Sassi, J.-F., Tekely, P., and Chanzy, H., Cellulose,
2000, vol. 7, pp. 119 132.
14. Wada, M. and Okano, T., Cellulose, 2001, vol. 8,
(1) The composition of the culture medium was
optimized with the aim to attain the maximal yield
of cellulose produced by Acetobacter xylinum. The
VKM V-880 strain of A. xylinum is capable of syn-
thesizing high-molecular-weight cellulose in a static
culture using a wide range of carbon sources.
pp. 183 188.
15. Baker, A.A., Helbert, W., Sugiyama, J., and
Miles, M.J., Biophys. J., 2000, vol. 79, pp. 1139 1145.
16. Hirai, A. and Horii, F., JCR Annual Rep., 1999,
(2) The kinetics of structural transformations that
occur in this cellulose when water is removed from
gel films in the course of drying was studied by X-ray
diffraction and dielectric spectroscopy. It was shown
that, in the dried films of highly crystalline cellulose,
an axial-planar texture is formed in which crystallo-
graphic planes (110) of the monoclinic cell (d =
0.61 nm) are arranged parallel to the sample plane.
vol. 6, pp. 28 29.
17. US Patent 4655758.
18. EP Patent O 197748 B1.
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lulose, 2000, vol. 7, pp. 213 225.
20. Yamamoto, H., and Horii, F., Cellulose, 1994, vol. 1,
pp. 57 66.
21. Yamamoto, H., Horii, F., and Hirai, A., Cellulose,
(3) To describe the packing of ribbon aggregates
in the plane of a cellulose film, a model was sug-
gested according to which the mini-sheets constituting
the aggregates are arranged in the perpendicular direc-
tion relative to the phase boundary between the cul-
ture medium and air.
1996, vol. 3, pp. 229 242.
22. Hirai, A., Tsuji, M., Yamamoto, H., and Horii, F.,
Cellulose, 1998, vol. 5, pp. 201 213.
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1998, vol. 5, pp. 215 228.
24. Biryukov, V.V., Kantere, V.M., in Optimizatsiya peri-
odicheskikh protsessov mikrobiologicheskogo sinteza
(Optimization of Batch Processes of Microbiological
Synthesis), Moscow: Nauka, 1985, ch. 3, pp. 18 54.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The study was supported financially by the Russian
Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 01-03-
33158) and NWO (grant no. 047.009.015).
25. Whister, R.L., in Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry,
vol. 3: Cellulose, New York: Academic, 1963,
pp. 4 9.
26. Khripunov, A.K., Tkachenko, A.A., Moskviche-
va, Yu.B., et al., in Biotekhnologiya i genetika:
Mezhvuzovzkii sbornik nauchnykh trudov (Biotech-
nology and Genetics: Intercollegiate Coll. of Scien-
tific Works), Nizhni Novgorod: Nizhegorod. Gos.
Univ., 1991, pp. 54 64.
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