RSC Advances
Paper
N
1
9 M. M. Antunes, S. Lima, A. Fernandes, M. Pillinger,
M. F. Ribeiro and A. A. Valente, Appl. Catal., A, 2012, 417–
Selectivity% ¼
ꢃ 100
(2)
0
N
4
18, 243–252.
1
N : moles of furfural formed during the reaction.
1
0 L. R. Ferreira, S. Lima, P. Neves, M. M. Antunes, S. M. Rocha,
M. Pillinger, I. Portugal and A. A. Valente, Chem. Eng. J.,
2
1 R. Weingarten, J. Cho, W. C. Conner, Jr and G. W. Huber,
Green Chem., 2010, 12, 1423–1429.
2 J. Zhang, J. Zhuang, L. Lin, S. Liu and Z. Zhang, Biomass
Bioenergy, 2012, 39, 73–77.
3 C. Garcia-Sancho, I. Sadaba, R. Moreno-Tost, J. Merida-
Robles, J. Santamaria-Gonzalez, M. Lopez-Granados and
P. Maireles-Torres, ChemSusChem, 2013, 6, 635–642.
4 A. S. Dias, M. Pillinger and A. A. Valente, Appl. Catal., A, 2005,
285, 126–131.
5 A. S. Dias, S. Lima, M. Pillinger and A. A. Valente, Carbohydr.
Res., 2006, 341, 2946–2953.
6 A. S. Dias, M. Pillinger and A. A. Valente, Microporous
Mesoporous Mater., 2006, 94, 214–225.
7 A. Chareonlimkun, V. Champreda, A. Shotipruk and
N. Laosiripojana, Fuel, 2010, 89, 2873–2880.
8 X. Shi, Y. Wu, P. Li, H. Yi, M. Yang and G. Wang, Carbohydr.
Res., 2011, 346, 480–487.
9 T. Suzuki, T. Yokoi, R. Otomo, J. N. Kondo and T. Tatsumi,
Appl. Catal., A, 2011, 408, 117–124.
0 A. S. Dias, M. Pillinger and A. A. Valente, J. Catal., 2005, 229,
The products were quantitatively determined by Agilent
HPLC 1260 equipped with an ion-exchange column (Bio-Rad
Aminex HPX-87H column 300 mm ꢃ 7.8 mm), coupled to a
013, 215–216, 772–783.
1
1
1
differential refractive index detector (for xylose) and an Agilent
ꢂ1
1
260 UV detector (280 nm, for furfural). A 5 mmol L H SO
2
4
aqueous solution was used as the mobile phase at a ow rate of
ꢂ1
ꢁ
0
.6 mL min and the column temperature was kept at 65 C.
Pure chemicals, i.e. D-xylose and furfural were used for cali-
bration without further treatment.
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
. Conclusions
Mesostructural zirconium phosphate is demonstrated to be an
effective catalyst for xylose dehydration to furfural in aqueous
media. By using dodecylamine and hexadecylamine as
templates in the hydrothermal synthesis process, the obtained
zirconium phosphate aer calcination is poor crystallized but
similar to zirconium oxide phosphate and possesses high
surface area and rich mesoporosity. For xylose conversion in
aqueous media, a furfural yield up to 52% has been achieved at
ꢁ
1
70 C for 2 h reaction. The adequate Lewis/Brønsted acid sites
which responsible for the isomerization and dehydration in the
catalyst would be responsible for its excellent performance of
catalysis. In addition, the reuse property of the catalyst seems
fairly good by calcination in air at the reuse intervals. The result
is important for the future research on the conversion of sugars
to useful chemicals.
4
14–423.
1 G. H. Jeong, E. G. Kim, S. B. Kim, E. D. Park and S. W. Kim,
Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2011, 144, 134–139.
2 X. Shi, Y. Wu, H. Yi, G. Rui, P. Li, M. Yang and G. Wang,
Energies, 2011, 4, 669–684.
3 D. Hua, P. P. Li, Y. Wu, Y. Chen, M. Yang, J. Dang, Q. Xie,
J. Liu and X.-y. Sun, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2013, 19, 1395–1399.
4 I. Agirrezabal-Telleria, J. Requies, M. B. Guemez and
P. L. Arias, Appl. Catal., B, 2013, DOI: 10.1016/
j.apcatb.2012.11.010.
5 E. Lam, J. H. Chong, E. Majid, Y. Liu, S. Hrapovic,
A. C. W. Leung and J. H. T. Luong, Carbon, 2012, 50, 1033–
1
6 A. S. Dias, S. Lima, P. Brandao, M. Pillinger, J. Rocha and
A. A. Valente, Catal. Lett., 2006, 108, 179–186.
Acknowledgements
The project is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds
for the Central Universities (Grant 1124020512, 1107020524),
NSF of China (21103087, 21273107) and the Natural Science
Foundation of Jiangsu Province (SBK201340143).
2
2
043.
References
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
J. N. Chheda, Y. Roman-Leshkov and J. A. Dumesic, Green 27 S. Lima, A. Fernandes, M. M. Antunes, M. Pillinger,
Chem., 2007, 9, 342–350.
F. Ribeiro and A. A. Valente, Catal. Lett., 2010, 135, 41–47.
G. Marcotullio and J. W. De, Green Chem., 2010, 12, 1739– 28 A. Takagaki, M. Ohara, S. Nishimura and K. Ebitani, Chem.
746.
Lett., 2010, 39, 838–840.
C. Moreau, R. Durand, D. Peyron, J. Duhamet and P. Rivalier, 29 I. Agirrezabal-Telleria, A. Larreategui, J. Requies,
1
Ind. Crops Prod., 1998, 7, 95–99.
S. Lima, M. Pillinger and A. A. Valente, Catal. Commun., 2008,
M. B. Gueemez and P. L. Arias, Bioresour. Technol., 2011,
102, 7478–7485.
9
, 2144–2148.
30 E. Lam, E. Majid, A. C. W. Leung, J. H. Chong,
K. A. Mahmoud and J. H. T. Luong, ChemSusChem, 2011,
4, 535–541.
R. O'Neill, M. N. Ahmad, L. Vanoye and F. Aiouache, Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res., 2009, 48, 4300–4306.
J. Lessard, J.-F. Morin, J.-F. Wehrung, D. Magnin and 31 A. S. Dias, S. Lima, D. Carriazo, V. Rives, M. Pillinger and
E. Chornet, Top. Catal., 2010, 53, 1231–1234.
A. A. Valente, J. Catal., 2006, 244, 230–237.
V. Choudhary, A. B. Pinar, S. I. Sandler, D. G. Vlachos and 32 I. Sadaba, S. Lima, A. A. Valente and G. M. Lopez, Carbohydr.
R. F. Lobo, ACS Catal., 2011, 1, 1724–1728. Res., 2011, 346, 2785–2791.
S. B. Kim, S. J. You, Y. T. Kim, S. Lee, H. Lee, K. Park and 33 R. Weingarten, G. A. Tompsett, W. C. Conner, Jr and
E. D. Park, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 2011, 28, 710–716. G. W. Huber, J. Catal., 2011, 279, 174–182.
2
3234 | RSC Adv., 2013, 3, 23228–23235
This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013