103-43-5Relevant articles and documents
Palladium–Bis(carbene) Catalysts for the Bisalkoxycarbonylation of Olefins to Succinic Diesters
Cho, Yu Jin,Lim, Yu Na,Yoon, Woojin,Yun, Hoseop,Jang, Hye-Young
, p. 1139 - 1142 (2017)
A series of Pd-bis(NHC) (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes possessing various anions and substituents were used in the bisalkoxycarbonylation of olefins (α-olefins and ethylene) to afford industrially useful succinic diesters in modest to good yields. The influence of different ligands and counteranions of the Pd complexes on their catalytic activity was assessed, and it was found that dimeric Pd–bis(NHC)Br was the best catalyst for the bisalkoxycarbonylation reactions. The structure of dimeric Pd–bis(NHC)Br was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
ZWITTERIONIC CATALYSTS FOR (TRANS)ESTERIFICATION: APPLICATION IN FLUOROINDOLE-DERIVATIVES AND BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS
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Paragraph 0016; 0030, (2021/01/29)
An amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst has a catalyst pocket size that promotes transesterification and dehydrative esterification. The amide/iminium zwitterions are easily prepared by reacting aziridines with aminopyridines. The reaction can be applied a wide variety of esterification processes including the large-scale synthesis of biodiesel. The amide/iminium zwitterions allow the avoidance of strongly basic or acidic condition and avoidance of metal contamination in the products. Reactions are carried out at ambient or only modestly elevated temperatures. The amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst is easily recycled and reactions proceed in high to quantitative yields.
Amide/Iminium Zwitterionic Catalysts for (Trans)esterification: Application in Biodiesel Synthesis
Lam, Ying-Pong,Ng, Wing-Hin,Tan, Fei,Tse, Ying-Lung Steve,Wang, Xinyan,Yeung, Ying-Yeung
, p. 8083 - 8092 (2019/08/26)
A class of zwitterionic organocatalysts based on an amide anion/iminium cation charge pair has been developed. The zwitterions are easily prepared by reacting aziridines with aminopyridines. They are catalytically applicable to transesterifications and dehydrative esterifications. Mechanistic studies reveal that the amide anion and iminium cation work synergistically in activating the reaction partners, with the iminium cationic moiety interacting with the carbonyl substrates through nonclassical hydrogen bonding. The reaction can be applied to large-scale synthesis of biodiesel under mild conditions.