1330-20-7 Usage
Description
Xylene, also known as dimethylbenzene, is an organic hydrocarbon present in the light-oil fraction of crude oil. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid with a hydrocarbon odor and is less dense than water. Xylene occurs naturally in petroleum and coal tar and is commonly found in various industrial applications such as ink, rubber, varnishes, adhesives, jet fuel, gasoline, pesticides, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. There are three isomeric compounds with this name and formula, distinguished as 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-dimethylbenzene according to the positions of the methyl groups on the benzene ring.
Uses
1. Chemical Industry:
Xylene is used as a chemical feedstock in the chemical industry. It can undergo oxidation, where the side methyl groups are oxidized to give a carboxyl group (COOH), yielding a carboxylic acid. The particular acid produced depends on the isomer oxidized. When o-xylene is oxidized, phthalic acid is produced, and when p-xylene is oxidized, terephthalic acid results. Terephthalic acid is one of the main feedstocks in making polyesters.
2. Plastics and Packaging:
Xylene is used as a precursor to terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate, both important raw materials for the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a type of plastic commonly used for bottles and other packaging.
3. Solvent:
Xylene is extensively used as a solvent in various industries, including printing, rubber, and leather industries. It is also used as a cleaning agent for steel and silicon wafers.
4. Aviation Gasoline:
Xylene is used in the formulation of aviation gasoline, providing a high-octane rating and improving the fuel's performance.
5. Protective Coatings:
Xylene is used as a solvent for alkyd resins, lacquers, enamels, and rubber cements, which are essential components in the production of protective coatings.
6. Organic Synthesis:
Xylene is used as a raw material in the synthesis of various organic chemicals, including plasticizers, glass-reinforced polyesters, and alkyd resins.
7. Histology:
In histology, xylene is used as a clearing agent to prepare samples for coverslipping, as well as tissue processing and staining. As a wax solvent, it can remove paraffin from slides prior to use.
8. Cleaning Agent and Paint Thinner:
Xylene is used as a cleaning agent and a thinner for paint, in glues, in printing inks, and in varnishes.
9. Paraffin Solvents:
In the petroleum industry, xylene is a frequent component of paraffin solvents, used when the tubing becomes clogged with paraffin wax.
Used in Chemical Industry:
Xylene is used as a chemical feedstock for the production of various acids and polyesters, such as phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Used in Plastics and Packaging Industry:
Xylene is used as a precursor to terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate, which are essential for the production of PET, a common plastic used in bottles and packaging.
Used in Aviation Industry:
Xylene is used in the formulation of aviation gasoline to improve its performance and provide a high-octane rating.
Used in Protective Coatings Industry:
Xylene is used as a solvent for alkyd resins, lacquers, enamels, and rubber cements, which are crucial components in the production of protective coatings.
Used in Organic Synthesis:
Xylene is used as a raw material in the synthesis of various organic chemicals, including plasticizers, glass-reinforced polyesters, and alkyd resins.
Used in Histology:
Xylene is used as a clearing agent for sample preparation, tissue processing, and staining in histology. It also serves as a wax solvent to remove paraffin from slides.
Used in Cleaning and Paint Industries:
Xylene is used as a cleaning agent and a thinner for paint, in glues, in printing inks, and in varnishes.
Used in Petroleum Industry:
Xylene is used as a component of paraffin solvents to clear tubing clogged with paraffin wax in the petroleum industry.
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylene
http://sciencing.com/uses-xylene-5544817.html
http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Xylene
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996004/
http://www.manmadediy.com/users/martin/posts/1374-how-to-make-a-gigantic-solvent-transfer
http://www.worldofchemicals.com/423/chemistry-articles/xylene-a-solvent-mixture-of-three-isomers.html
Production Methods
Xylene is produced by catalytic reforming, and, depending
on the feedstock, yields of >85% can be achieved.
Commercially, xylene is also recovered from coal tar, yielding
a typical mixture of about 10–20% ortho, 40–70%
meta, and 10–25% para isomer. Impurities include ethylbenzene,
benzene, toluene, phenol, thiophene, and pyridine
(53, 438).
Air & Water Reactions
Highly flammable. Water insoluble.
Reactivity Profile
Vigorous reactions, sometimes amounting to explosions, can result from the contact between these materials and strong oxidizing agents. They can react exothermically with bases and with diazo compounds. Substitution at the benzene nucleus occurs by halogenation (acid catalyst), nitration, sulfonation, and the Friedel-Crafts reaction.
Health Hazard
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
Health Hazard
Exposures to xylene cause toxicity and adverse health effects to animals and humans. Acute and chronic exposure to xylene induces adverse effects on the skin and respiratory system of animals and humans. Prolonged exposure to xylene demonstrated burning effect, drying, defatting of skin, eye irritation, lung congestion, CNS excitation, depression, mucosal hemorrhage, and mild liver damage
Safety Profile
Moderately toxic by
intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes.
LWdly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. An
experimental teratogen. Human systemic
effects by inhalation: olfactory changes,
conjunctiva irritation, and pulmonary
changes. Experimental reproductive effects.
Mutation data reported. A human eye
irritant, An experimental skin and severe eye
irritant. Some temporary corneal effects are
noted, as well as some conjunctival irritation
by instillation (adding drops to the eyes one
drop at a time). Irritation can start @ 200
ppm. A very dangerous fire hazard when
exposed to heat or flame; can react with
oxidzing materials. To fight fire, use foam,
CO2, dry chemical. When heated to
decomposition it emits acrid smoke and
irritating fumes. See also other xylene
entries.
Carcinogenicity
Mixed xylene and the individual xylene
isomers have tested negative in a wide variety
of genotoxic assays; they are considered to be
nonmutagenic. The IARC has determined that there is
inadequate evidence in humans and experimental
animals for the carcinogenicity of xylenes.
Environmental Fate
Xylene is an eight carbon aromatic hydrocarbon compound
that is a minor component of all gasoline. Xylene is
a colorless, flammable liquid that is about 14% lighter than
water. It has a sweet, pungent odor. Xylene has a molecular
weight of 106.7 g mol1. At 25 C, xylene has a solubility in
water of 106 mg l1, an estimated vapor pressure of
6.6–8.8mm Hg and a Henry’s law constants ranging from
5.18 103 to 7.18 103 atm-m3 mole1. The log octanol/
water partition coefficient is 3.12. Conversion factors for
xylene in air are as follows: 1 mgm3 ? 0.23 ppm;
1 ppm? 4.36 mgm3.
If released to air, the moderate vapor pressure predicts
xylene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere.
Vapor-phase xylene will be degraded in the atmosphere by
a reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals;
the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days.
Xylenes do not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths
>290 nm and therefore are not expected to be
susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight.
If released into water, xylene would only moderately adsorb
to suspended solids and sediment based upon an estimated Koc
range of 36–365. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected
to be the dominant fate process based upon the estimated
Henry’s law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for
a model river and model lake are 1 h and 4 days, respectively.
Using a standard biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) dilution
technique and an activated sewage inoculum, a theoretical BOD
of 72% was observed over a 20-day incubation period for
a mixture of xylene isomers, suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water. Hydrolysis is
not expected to be an important environmental fate process
since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze
under environmental conditions.
If released to soil, xylene is expected to have high to
moderate mobility in the subsurface based upon the range of
known Koc values. Volatilization of xylene from moist soil
surfaces is expected to be an important fate process. Xylene may
volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on the moderate vapor
pressure.
Using a measured log Kow of 3.12, the USEPA’s EPI Suite
computer program estimates both a bioconcentration factor
and a bioaccumulation factor of 110.7. These predicted bioaccumulation
and biomagnifications values are relatively low.
Xylene would therefore not be expected to be found in the
tissues of fish or wildlife as (1) xylene contains no persistent
functional groups (e.g., chlorine, bromine); (2) exposure
would be expected to be low based on a low half-life in the
environment; and (3) subsequent to exposure, trace levels of
xylene would be rapidly metabolized by the liver (similar to
what is seen with other organic compounds).
Purification Methods
Usual impurities are ethylbenzene, paraffins, traces of sulfur compounds and water. It is not practicable to separate the m-, and p-isomers of xylene by fractional distillation, although, with a sufficiently efficient still, o-xylene can be fractionally distilled from a mixture of isomers. Purify (and dry) by fractional distillation from LiAlH4, P2O5, CaH2 or sodium. This treatment can be preceded by shaking successively with conc H2SO4, water, aqueous 10% NaOH, water and mercury, and drying with CaCl2 for several days. Xylene can be purified by azeotropic distillation with 2-ethoxyethanol or 2-methoxyethanol, the distillate being washed with water to remove the alcohol, then dried and fractionally distilled. [Beilstein 5 H 360.]
Toxicity evaluation
The mechanism of toxicity is suspected to be similar to other
solvents that rapidly induce anesthesia-like effects, i.e.,
a ‘nonspecific narcosis’ due to disruption (solvation) of the
integrity of the cellular membranes of the central nervous
system (CNS). The effect is similar to the ‘high’ experienced
upon exposure to other hydrocarbon solvents.
As seen with exposure to other hydrocarbon solvents, upon
inhalation, xylene is moderately toxic and may cause irritation
of the respiratory tract and narcosis. Xylene appears to produce
reversible effects upon the liver, renal, and nervous systems.
The nervous system appears to be the most sensitive to the
effects of xylene. High level xylene exposures produced incoordination,
ataxia, unconsciousness and eventually, death.
Lower level acute exposures in man produce dizziness, exhilaration,
and confusion. Although the actual biochemical
mechanism of toxicity has not been discerned, the narcotic effects seen are most likely related to its physical solvent
properties.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 1330-20-7 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 1,3,3 and 0 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 2 and 0 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 1330-20:
(6*1)+(5*3)+(4*3)+(3*0)+(2*2)+(1*0)=37
37 % 10 = 7
So 1330-20-7 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/4C8H10/c1-7-3-5-8(2)6-4-7;1-7-4-3-5-8(2)6-7;1-7-5-3-4-6-8(7)2;1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3*3-6H,1-2H3;3-7H,2H2,1H3
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