1402-68-2 Usage
Description
Aflatoxins are naturally occurring bisfuranocoumarin compounds produced by the molds Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These highly fluorescent toxins are found as natural contaminants in various agricultural crops and can also be present in milk, eggs, and meat from animals fed contaminated feed. Aflatoxin B1 is the most common and potent of the aflatoxins, and they form colorless to pale yellow crystals, being practically insoluble in water.
Uses
Used in Research Applications:
Aflatoxins are used solely for research purposes, as they are naturally occurring contaminants formed by certain fungi on agricultural crops. First discovered in the 1960s, they have been extensively studied for their impact on food safety and their potential role in various diseases.
Used in Agricultural and Food Safety:
Aflatoxins are used as a reference for monitoring and controlling the presence of these harmful toxins in crops, ensuring food safety and quality. This application is crucial in preventing the consumption of contaminated food products, which can lead to severe health issues.
Used in Analytical Chemistry:
Aflatoxins are employed as a benchmark in the development and validation of analytical methods for detecting and quantifying the presence of these toxins in various food products. This application helps in the development of more accurate and sensitive detection techniques to protect public health.
Used in Environmental Monitoring:
Aflatoxins are used as indicators of environmental contamination by molds, particularly in the context of agricultural practices and storage conditions. This application aids in understanding the factors that contribute to the growth of mold and the production of aflatoxins, allowing for better management of crop storage and handling.
Used in Pharmaceutical Research:
Aflatoxins are also used in pharmaceutical research to study their potential effects on human health and the development of countermeasures or treatments for aflatoxin-induced diseases. This application is essential in the development of new drugs and therapies to combat the harmful effects of these toxins.
Safety Profile
Confirmed human carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Human poison by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. See also various aflatoxins
Potential Exposure
Aflatoxins are a group of toxic metabolites produced by certain types of fungi. Aflatoxins are not commercially manufactured; they are naturally occurring contaminants that are formed by fungi on food during conditions of high temperatures and high humidity. Most human exposure to aflatoxins occurs through ingestion of contaminated food. The estimated amount of aflatoxins that Americans consume daily is estimated to be 0.15 0.50 μg. Grains, peanuts, tree nuts, and cottonseed meal are among the more common foods on which these fungi grow. Meat, eggs, milk, and other edible products from animals that consume aflatoxincontaminated feed may also contain aflatoxins. Aflatoxins can also be breathed in
Carcinogenicity
Aflatoxins are known to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans. Aflatoxins were listed in the First Annual Report on Carcinogens as reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals and limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans; however, the listing was revised to known to be human carcinogens in the Sixth Annual Report on Carcinogens in 1991.
Environmental Fate
Aflatoxin B1 is metabolized to a reactive epoxide (aflatoxin
8,9-epoxide) primarily by the P450 monooxygenase
system. In humans, the epoxidation reaction is catalyzed by
CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Once formed, the epoxide can react
further to form DNA adducts (aflatoxin-N7-guanine) and
induce mutations and cancer. Alternatively, the epoxide can
be detoxified by conjugation with glutathione through the
actions of certain glutathione S-tranferases. Rats are more
susceptible than mice to aflatoxin hepatocarcinogenesis
even though both species form the reactive 8,9-epoxide at
similar rates. Differences in species susceptibility are
hypothesized to relate to increased rates of glutathione
conjugation to the aflatoxin 8,9-epoxide in mice compared
to rats.
Shipping
UN3172 Toxins, extracted from living sources, solid or liquid, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required. UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.
Toxicity evaluation
Aflatoxin will exist solely in the particulate phase if released
into the ambient atmosphere based on estimated vapor pressure
values (1.6 ×10-10 to 7.7×10-11mmHg) at 25°C.
Particulate-phase aflatoxins would be expected to be removed
from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Direct
photolysis is also possible since aflatoxins absorb light in the
environmental UV spectrum. If released to soil, the aflatoxins
are expected to have high to slight mobility based upon Koc
values of 3974, 263, and 116. Aflatoxins are not expected to
volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon their vapor pressures.
If released into water, the aflatoxins may adsorb to suspended
solids and sediment based upon the available Koc
values. Estimated BCF values of 2–3 suggest the potential for
bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Aflatoxin may
also be degraded by photolysis at soil and water surfaces.
Incompatibilities
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.
Waste Disposal
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. Use of oxidizing agents, such as hydrogen peroxide or 5% sodium hypochlorite bleach. Acids and bases may also be used.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 1402-68-2 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 1,4,0 and 2 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 6 and 8 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 1402-68:
(6*1)+(5*4)+(4*0)+(3*2)+(2*6)+(1*8)=52
52 % 10 = 2
So 1402-68-2 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C17H12O7/c1-20-9-6-10-12(8-3-5-22-17(8)23-10)14-11(9)7-2-4-21-15(18)13(7)16(19)24-14/h3,5-6,8,17H,2,4H2,1H3
