188425-85-6 Usage
Description
Boscalid is a broad-spectrum, systemic fungicide that belongs to the class of carboxamides. It is effective in controlling a wide range of fungal diseases and is active against a variety of fungal pathogens, including Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp., and Sclerotinia spp. Boscalid is a light beige solid that can be transported through the xylem to the plant's tip and leaf margin, and it has a vertical penetration effect, being able to be transmitted through the leaf tissue to the back of the leaf.
Uses
Used in Agriculture:
Boscalid is used as a fungicide for protecting crops from diseases caused by various fungal pathogens, such as gray mold, powdery mildew, leaf spot, and powdery mildew. It is applied through stem and leaf spraying at a dosage of 100-1,200 g a.i./hm2.
Used in Fruit Trees:
Boscalid is used in fruit trees, such as apple, pear, cherry, and peach, to control diseases like leaf spot, black spot, scab, anthrax, ring rot, and powdery mildew. It is especially suitable for the prevention of some refractory diseases in summer.
Used in Grapes and Ornamental Plants:
Boscalid is used in grapes and ornamental plants to control powdery mildew (Monilinia spp) and leaf spot (Mycosphaerella spp) caused by Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea, and Sclerotinia spp.
Used in Complex Formulations:
Boscalid is used in complex formulations for grain, grapes, peanuts, and potatoes, as well as other tillage crops. Examples of complex products include Cantus, Bellis, Signum, and Naria, which are used for the control of various diseases in different crops and have specific dosage recommendations for effective disease control.
Used in Post-Harvest Treatment:
Boscalid is also available in single-dosage products, such as Cantus, which is used in pear, grape, and post-harvest kiwifruit to control gray mold with a usage amount of 1-1.2 kg/hm2. It is applied at different growth stages of grape, with spraying before the grapes form a cluster yielding the best efficacy.
Fungicide
Boscalid is a kind of nicotinamide germicide first successfully developed by BASF of Germany. It has a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity and has a preventive effect, being active against almost all types of fungal diseases. It has excellent effects on the control of powdery mildew, gray mold, root rot disease, sclerotinia and various kinds of rot diseases and is not easy to produce cross-resistance. It is also effective against the resistant bacteria to other agents. It is mainly used for the prevention and control of diseases associated with rape, grapes, fruit trees, vegetables and field crops. The results have showed that Boscalid had a significant effect on the treatment of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with both the disease incidence control effect and the disease control index being higher than 80%, which was better than any of the other agents currently popularized. It has a significantly higher control efficacy than carbendazim. Apply 50% boscalid water solution dispersible granules to control rape sclerotia disease with a dose of 24 to 36 grams per acre medication per general year. In severe years, apply 36 to 48 grams per acre for medication.
Toxicity
(1) Mammalian toxicity: rat acute oral LD50> 5,000 mg/kg; Rat acute pertacuneous LD50 > 2,000 mg/kg, being non-irritating to skin and eyes of rabbits without sensitization to guinea pig skin. Rats inhaled LC50 (4 h)> 6.7 mg/L. NOEL: Rats, approximately 5 mg/kg (b. w.); Chronic NOAEL: 21.8 mg/kg (b. w.). [2003]; ADI/RfD (JMPR) 0.04 mg/kg (b.w.) [2006]; (EC) 0.04 mg/kg (b.w.) [2008]; cRfD 0.218 mg/kg (b.w.) [2003], (FSC) 0.044 mg/kg (b.w.) [2006]; other: no mutagenicity (Ames test, mouse), teratogenicity (rat, rabbit) and carcinogenic effects (dog, rat, mice); no adverse effects on reproduction (rat).
(2) Ecotoxicity: Birds: Quail LD50> 2,000 mg/kg (b.w.). Fish: Rainbow trout LC50 (96 h) was 2.7 mg/L. Daphnia: EC50 (48 h) was 5.33 mg/L. The algae: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata ErC50 (96 h) was 3.75 mg/L. Other aquatic organisms: Chironomus riparius NOEC 2.0 mg/L. Bee: NOEC (oral) is 166 μg /bee, (contact) is 200 μg/bee. Earthworm: Eisenia foetida LC50> 1,000 mg/kg (dry soil).
(3) Environmental toxicity: animal: biphenyl ring is first subject to hydroxylation, followed by glucosylation and sulfation reaction. Boscalid is rapidly and extensively subject to metabolism in the body and excreted rapidly through the feces. Plants: biphenyl and pyridine ring are subject to hydroxylation and further ring-opening reaction. However, the parent compound, which has not been structurally altered, remains to be a major part of the residue. Soil/environment: it has moderate degradation action in the soil with the soil DT50 being 108 d ~> 1 a (laboratory, aerobic conditions, 20 ℃); the DT50 of the field is about 28d~200d. It has a excellent degradation property in natural water/sediment systems.
Mechanism
Boscalid is a kind of mitochondrion respiration inhibitor, being the inhibitor of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI) that acts by inhibiting succinate coenzyme Q reductase (also known as complex II) on the mitochondrial electron transport chain, with its mechanism of action being similar as that of other kinds of amide and benzamide fungicides. It has effects on the entire growth period of the pathogen, especially having a strong inhibitory effect against the spore germination. It also has excellent prophylactic effects and excellent intra-leaf permeability.
Boscalid is a foliar application germicide, which can penetrate vertically and be transmitted to the top of the plant leaves. It has excellent preventive effect and has certain therapeutic effect. It can also inhibit the spore germination, germ tube elongation and attachment formation, and is effective in all other growth stages of the fungus, exhibiting excellent resistance to rain erosion and persistence.
Preparation
1.? Take o-chloronitrobenzene as raw material, first have it react with chlorobenzene boronic acid to undergo Suziki reaction, followed by reduction, and finally condensation with 2-chloronicotinyl chloride to obtain Boscalid crude product.
2. Take o-iodine aniline as raw material, first have reaction with 2-chloronicotinyl chloride, followed by Suzuki reaction with chlorobenzene boric acid to obtain the finished product.
Patents
On November 7, 2012, the patent on the European patent expired.
On November 9, 2012, its patents in the United States expire.
November 9, 2012, the administrative protection period of the compound in China expires.
In 2003, Boscalid was registered in the United States and obtained a 10-year registration of data protection.
In August 1, 2008, Boscalid was listed in the Appendix 1 of the EU pesticide registration directive (91/414) with its registration information being protected to until July 31, 2018.
The patent and administrative protection in Europe and the United States and China will soon expire, but the EU data protein is far lagged behind from its patent protection. Non-patented products manufacturers, if needs to enter the European and American markets, must prepare a complete set of registration information, or consult the data owner. Alternatively, they can enter into the markets until the information protein is expired. However, boscalid will soon become a focus of those non-patented manufactures in China, which will lead to the escalation of the Chinese market completion of boscalid.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 188425-85-6 includes 9 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 6 digits, 1,8,8,4,2 and 5 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 8 and 5 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 188425-85:
(8*1)+(7*8)+(6*8)+(5*4)+(4*2)+(3*5)+(2*8)+(1*5)=176
176 % 10 = 6
So 188425-85-6 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C18H12Cl2N2O/c19-13-9-7-12(8-10-13)14-4-1-2-6-16(14)22-18(23)15-5-3-11-21-17(15)20/h1-11H,(H,22,23)
188425-85-6Relevant articles and documents
Synthesis and process optimization of Boscalid by catalyst Pd-PEPPSI-IPrDtBu-An
Xu, Jian,Lan, Xiao-Bing,Xia, Lin-Jian,Yang, Yi,Cao, Gao
, p. 247 - 256 (2021/05/06)
The purpose of this research was to reduce the amount of noble metal palladium catalyst and improve the catalytic performance in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, which is the key step in the synthesis of Boscalid. Taking o-bromonitrobenzene and p-chlorophenylboronic acid as raw materials, three kinds of Pd-PEPPSI-IPr catalysts were synthesized and employed in the Suzuki reaction, and then the biaryl product was subjected to reduction and condensation reaction to give Boscalid. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the result showed that the catalytic system exhibits highest catalytic efficiency under aerobic conditions, giving the 2-(4-chlorophenyl)nitrobenzene in over 99 % yield. Moreover, the Pd-PEPPSI-IPrDtBu-An catalyst was minimized to 0.01 mol%. The synthesis process was mild, the post-treatment was simple, and the production cost was reduced, which makes it suitable for industrial production.
Pd-Catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of aryl chlorides at low catalyst loadings in water for the synthesis of industrially important fungicides
Goetz, Roland,Hashmi, A. Stephen K.,Orecchia, Patrizio,Petkova, Desislava Slavcheva,Rominger, Frank,Schaub, Thomas
supporting information, p. 8169 - 8180 (2021/11/01)
The Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction of electron-poor aryl chlorides in the synthesis of crop protection-relevant active ingredients in water is disclosed. Optimisation of the reaction conditions allowed running the reaction with 50 ppm of Pd-catalyst loading without an additional organic solvent in the cross-coupling reaction step in short reaction times. The system was optimised for the initial cross-coupling step of the large scale produced fungicides Boscalid, Fluxapyroxad and Bixafen up to 97% yield. It is also shown that the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction can be easily scaled up to 50 g using a simple product separation and purification using environmentally benign solvents in the work-up. To show the usability of this method, it was additionally applied in the three-step synthesis of the desired active ingredients.
Highly efficient palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of diarylborinic acids with arenediazoniums for practical diaryl synthesis
Wang, Fengze,Wang, Chen,Sun, Guoping,Zou, Gang
supporting information, (2019/12/25)
A highly efficient cross-coupling of cost-effective diarylborinic acids with both isolatable and latent arenediazoniums, i.e. tetrafluoroborates and aryltriazenes, respectively, has been developed with a practical palladium catalyst system under base-free conditions in open flask at room temperature. A variety of electronically and sterically various biaryls, in particular, those bearing a coordinative ortho-substituent, could be obtained in good to excellent yields by using 0.3 mol% palladium acetate as catalyst. Features of the protocol including cost-effectiveness of diarylborinic acids, efficacy to heteroatom ortho-substituted substrates and high chemoselectivity to aryl chlorides have been clearly demonstrated in practical synthesis of fungicide Boscalid.