19408-74-3Relevant articles and documents
Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from the open burning of household waste in barrels
Lemieux, Paul M.,Lutes, Christopher C.,Abbott, Judith A.,Aldous, Kenneth M.
, p. 377 - 384 (2000)
Backyard burning of household waste in barrels is a common waste disposal practice for which pollutant emissions have not been well characterized. This study measured the emissions of several pollutants, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs), from burning mixtures designed to simulate waste generated by a 'recycling' and a 'nonrecycling' family in a 208-L (55-gal) burn barrel at the EPA's Open Burning Test Facility. This paper focuses on the PCDD/PCDF emissions and discusses the factors influencing PCDD/PCDF formation for different test burns. Four test burns were made in which the amount of waste placed in the barrel varied from 6.4 to 13.6 kg and the amount actually burned varied from 46.6% to 68.1%. Emissions of total PCDDs/PCDFs ranged between 0.0046 and 0.48 mg/kg of waste burned. Emissions are also presented in terms of 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents. Emissions of PCDDs/PCDFs appear to correlate with both copper and hydrochloric acid emissions. The results of this study indicate that backyard burning emits more PCDDs/PCDFs on a mass of refuse burned basis than various types of municipal waste combustors (MWCs). Comparison of burn barrel emissions to emissions from a hypothetical modern MWC equipped with high-efficiency flue gas cleaning technology indicates that about 2-40 households burning their trash daily in barrels can produce average PCDD/PCDF emissions comparable to a 182 000 kg/day (200 ton/day) MWC facility. This study provides important data on a potentially significant source of emissions of PCDDs/PCDFs. Backyard burning of household waste in barrels is a common waste disposal practice for which pollutant emissions have not been well characterized. This study measured the emissions of several pollutants, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs), from burning mixtures designed to simulate waste generated by a 'recycling' and a 'nonrecycling' family in a 208-L (55-gal) burn barrel at the EPA's Open Burning Test Facility. This paper focuses on the PCDD/PCDF emissions and discusses the factors influencing PCDD/PCDF formation for different test burns. Four test burns were made in which the amount of waste placed in the barrel varied from 6.4 to 13.6 kg and the amount actually burned varied from 46.6% to 68.1%. Emissions of total PCDDs/PCDFs ranged between 0.0046 and 0.48 mg/kg of waste burned. Emissions are also presented in terms of 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents. Emissions of PCDDs/PCDFs appear to correlate with both copper and hydrochloric acid emissions. The results of this study indicate that backyard burning emits more PCDDs/PCDFs on a mass of refuse burned basis than various types of municipal waste combustors (MWCs). Comparison of burn barrel emissions to emissions from a hypothetical modern MWC equipped with high-efficiency flue gas cleaning technology indicates that about 2-40 households burning their trash daily in barrels can produce average PCDD/PCDF emissions comparable to a 182 000 kg/day (200 ton/day) MWC facility. This study provides important data on a potentially significant source of emissions of PCDDs/PCDFs.
Gray et al.
, p. 2873 (1975)
Removal of PCDD/Fs from Flue Gas by a Fixed-Bed Activated Carbon Filter in a Hazardous Waste Incinerator
Karademir, Aykan,Bakoglu, Mithat,Taspinar, Fatih,Ayberk, Savas
, p. 1201 - 1207 (2007/10/03)
The adsorption of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) by activated carbon (AC) was examined in a fixed-bed AC unit in a hazardous waste incinerator (IZAYDAS) in Turkey. Results showed that the removal efficiencies of PCDD/Fs decrease as the chlorination level increases, which was explained by the difference in gas/particle partitioning of the compounds. Since dioxins are tightly adsorbed by activated carbon, other flue gas constituents showed no clear effect on the dioxin removal. Adsorption kinetics indicated that the adsorption of volatile congeners and homologues fits well with Henry's law, possibly due to the higher gaseous fractions, while the correlation was lower for lowly volatile ones. PCDD/F congeners and homologues had a concentration value up to which no adsorption occurred, which could be attributed to the insufficient contact times at the low concentrations.
Formation of dioxins in the catalytic combustion of chlorobenzene and a micropollutant-like mixture on Pt/γ-Al2O3
De Jong, Vincent,Cieplik, Mariusz K.,Louw, Robert
, p. 5217 - 5223 (2008/01/27)
Catalytic combustion over a 2 wt % Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst of chlorobenzene (PhCl) and of a micropollutant-like mixture representative for a primary combustion offgas has been investigated. Typical conditions were 1000-1500 ppm of organics in the inflow, contact times ~0.3 s, 16% O2 in nitrogen at ~1 bar, and temperature range 200-550 °C. PhCl reacts considerably slower than when processing Cl-free compounds such as heptane. At intermediate temperatures-and incomplete conversion-byproducts are formed, especially polychlorobenzenes (PhCl x). These are accompanied by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) at levels of about 10-6 relative to PhClx. Additional HCl-made by co-reacting PhCl with tert-butylchloride-leads to much higher levels of PhClx and PCDD/Fs. Using the micropollutant-like mixture, the total chlorine input is reduced almost 20-fold, but it nevertheless leads to a 30-fold higher PCDD/F output. This is ascribed to reaction of the small amounts of (chloro)phenols in the mixture. The congener/isomer patterns of the PCDD/Fs for the mixture and with PhCl per se are quite comparable with those found in emissions from incinerators. As carbon is not present nor formed on the catalyst surface, de-novo formation therefrom cannot be involved. Rather condensation of phenolic entities or like precursors must have occurred. Consequences and options to ensure safe application are briefly discussed as well.