2146-38-5Relevant articles and documents
One-step hydroprocessing of fatty acids into renewable aromatic hydrocarbons over Ni/HZSM-5: Insights into the major reaction pathways
Xing, Shiyou,Lv, Pengmei,Wang, Jiayan,Fu, Junying,Fan, Pei,Yang, Lingmei,Yang, Gaixiu,Yuan, Zhenhong,Chen, Yong
, p. 2961 - 2973 (2017/02/05)
For high caloricity and stability in bio-aviation fuels, a certain content of aromatic hydrocarbons (AHCs, 8-25 wt%) is crucial. Fatty acids, obtained from waste or inedible oils, are a renewable and economic feedstock for AHC production. Considerable amounts of AHCs, up to 64.61 wt%, were produced through the one-step hydroprocessing of fatty acids over Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts. Hydrogenation, hydrocracking, and aromatization constituted the principal AHC formation processes. At a lower temperature, fatty acids were first hydrosaturated and then hydrodeoxygenated at metal sites to form long-chain hydrocarbons. Alternatively, the unsaturated fatty acids could be directly deoxygenated at acid sites without first being saturated. The long-chain hydrocarbons were cracked into gases such as ethane, propane, and C6-C8 olefins over the catalysts' Br?nsted acid sites; these underwent Diels-Alder reactions on the catalysts' Lewis acid sites to form AHCs. C6-C8 olefins were determined as critical intermediates for AHC formation. As the Ni content in the catalyst increased, the Br?nsted-acid site density was reduced due to coverage by the metal nanoparticles. Good performance was achieved with a loading of 10 wt% Ni, where the Ni nanoparticles exhibited a polyhedral morphology which exposed more active sites for aromatization.
Laser-Powered Decomposition of Spiroalkanes (n = 2-5)
Fajgar, Radek,Pola, Josef
, p. 7709 - 7717 (2007/10/02)
The laser heating of spiroalkanes (n=2-5) and of their 1,1,2,2-tetradeuterated isotopomers reveals dissimilar modes of their thermal decomposition.Spiropentane decomposes into ethene and propadiene via two competing routes: the direct cleavage and the more important cleavage via intermediary methylenecyclobutane.Spirohexane decomposes through two important concurrent pathways which are the expulsions of ethene from the three-membered ring and a more feasible expulsion of ethene from the four-membered ring.Spiroheptane and spirooctane decompose by a radical-chain mechanism and afford complex mixtures of products; upon addition of propene both compounds rearrange into two cycloalkanes wherein the larger ring of the spiroalkane is preserved and substituted with ethylidene and a vinyl group.
Deuterium Isotope Effects for Migrating and Nonmigrating Groups in the Solvolysis of Neopentyl-Type Esters
Shiner, V. J.,Tai, Jimmy J.
, p. 436 - 442 (2007/10/02)
α- and γ-deuterium rate effects on the solvolysis of (1-methylcyclohexyl)methyl, (1-methylcyclopentyl)methyl, and (1-methylcyclobutyl)methyl sulfonate esters have been measured and the solvolysis products examined by 2H NMR spectroscopy.The results indicate that the products of the solvolysis of all these sulfonate esters are predominantely ((*) 98percent) rearranged.In the solvolysis of (1-methylcyclohexyl)methyl triflate, rearranged products with methyl migration slightly dominate over those with ring expansion.Normal isotope effects, 1.057 in 80E and 1.073 in 97T, are observed for the methyl-d3 compound and an inverse effect, 0,963, is observed in 80E for the methylene-d4 compound.However, in the solvolysis of both (1-methylcyclopentyl)methyl and (1-methylcyclobutyl)methyl sulfonates, the major products are those of ring expansion.In these examples, inverse effects are observed for the methyl-d3-labeled species.The observed isotope effects can be separated into respective values of 0.927, 0.913 for the nonmigrating methyl-d3 group and 1.177, 1.224 for the migrating methyl-d3 group in the solvolysis of (1-methylcyclohexyl)methyl triflate and (1-methylcyclopentyl)methyl brosylate.This explains the relative intramolecular migratory aptitudes of CH3/CD3 of 1.20 - 1.30 and the low γ-d9 isotope effect in the solvolysis of neopentyl sulfonates previously reported and makes them consistent with a mechanism which involves neighboring carbon participation during ionization.
