2882-15-7Relevant articles and documents
The self-association of the drug acemetacin and its interactions and stabilization with beta-cyclodextrin in aqueous solution as inferred from NMR spectroscopy and HPLC studies.
Zouvelekis, Dimitris,Yannakopoulou, Konstantina,Mavridis, Irene M,Antoniadou-Vyza, Ekaterini
, p. 1387 - 1395 (2002)
Strongly concentration dependent, (1)H NMR chemical shifts of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug acemetacin sodium salt (sodium [[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindol-3-yl]acetoxy]acetate), were observed in aqueous solution. Self-titration and nOe experiments, point to a self-association model where stacking takes place via the indole portion of the drug. In addition, conformational isomerism (atropisomerism) of the anti to syn form was confirmed. Further increase of the concentration eventually led to stable chemical shifts and nearly simultaneous appearance of microcrystals. In the presence of betaCD, 1:1 inclusion complexation occurred through the p-chlorobenzoyl part of the drug, whereas with excess betaCD the indole part seemed to participate to a minor degree. The anti isomer is suggested to be involved in the inclusion process. In addition, aggregation of acemetacin was also evident, as competing with the conformational and inclusion equilibria. The present case demonstrates that many competitive processes are simultaneously active in a seemingly simple system. The measurements were strongly dependent upon the pH and use of buffered solutions was mandatory. Finally, for the quantitative analysis of acemetacin in the presence of betaCD, a special HPLC method was developed. The stability of the drug, studied by the identification of the degradation products and the pseudo-first order rate of hydrolysis, was found to be unaffected by the presence of betaCD.
Hydrolysis mechanisms for indomethacin and acemethacin in perchloric acid
Garcia,Hoyuelos,Ibeas,Leal
, p. 3718 - 3726 (2006)
The acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions of the antiinflammatory drugs indomethacin and acemethacin were investigated at 25.0 °C in a number of strongly concentrated perchloric acid media. The reaction rates were evaluated by UV measurements, and the intermediate species were detected by UV-vis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy measurements. A switchover from an A-2 to an A-1 mechanism as a function of the medium acidity is reported for the acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of the amide group of both indomethacin and acemethacin. In the A-2 hydrolysis, two water molecules are involved in the rate-determining step. An analysis of the kinetic data collected for acemethacin by the different techniques used reveals a complex mechanism, indomethacin being a metabolite intermediate species in the hydrolysis of acemethacin. The rate constants for the hydrolysis of the acemethacin ester group were considerably larger compared to those of the amide group.
Synthesis of Functionalized Indoles via Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Cycloisomerization of o-Allylanilines Using Organic Redox Cocatalyst
Ning, Xiao-Shan,Wang, Mei-Mei,Qu, Jian-Ping,Kang, Yan-Biao
, p. 13523 - 13529 (2018/10/25)
A scalable and practical synthesis of functionalized indoles via Pd-tBuONO cocatalyzed aerobic cycloisomerization of o-allylanilines is reported. Using molecular oxygen as a terminal oxidant, a series of substituted indoles were prepared in moderate to good yields. The avoidance of hazardous oxidants, heavy-metal cocatalysts, and high boiling point solvents such as DMF and DMSO enables this method to be applied in pharmaceutical synthesis. A practical gram-scale synthesis of indomethacin demonstrates its application potential.
Bifunctional conjugates with potent inhibitory activity towards cyclooxygenase and histone deacetylase
Raji, Idris,Yadudu, Fatima,Janeira, Emily,Fathi, Shaghayegh,Szymczak, Lindsey,Kornacki, James Richard,Komatsu, Kensei,Li, Jian-Dong,Mrksich, Milan,Oyelere, Adegboyega K.
, p. 1202 - 1218 (2017/02/05)
We herein disclose a series of compounds with potent inhibitory activities towards histone deacetylases (HDAC) and cyclooxygenases (COX). These compounds potently inhibited the growth of cancer cell lines consistent with their anti-COX and anti-HDAC activities. While compound 2b showed comparable level of COX-2 selectivity as celecoxib, compound 11b outperformed indomethacin in terms of selectivity towards COX-2 relative to COX-1. An important observation with our lead compounds (2b, 8, 11b, and 17b) is their enhanced cytotoxicity towards androgen dependent prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) relative to androgen independent prostate cancer cell line (DU-145). Interestingly, compounds 2b and 17b arrested the cell cycle progression of LNCaP in the S-phase, while compound 8 showed a G0/G1 arrest, similar to SAHA. Relative to SAHA, these compounds displayed tumor-selective cytotoxicity as they have low anti-proliferative activity towards healthy cells (VERO); an attribute that makes them attractive candidates for drug development.
