30220-46-3Relevant articles and documents
Toxicity Reduction of Euphorbia kansui Stir-Fried with Vinegar Based on Conversion of 3-O-(20E,40Z-Decadi-enoyl)-20-O-acetylingenol
Zhang, Qiao,Zhang, Yi,Zhou, Shi-Kang,Wang, Kan,Zhang, Min,Chen, Pei-Dong,Yao, Wei-Feng,Tang, Yu-Ping,Wu, Jian-Hua,Zhang, Li
, (2019)
The dried roots of Euphorbia kansui S.L.Liou ex S.B.Ho have long been used to treat edema in China. However, the severe toxicity caused by Euphorbia kansui (EK) has seriously restricted its clinical application. Although EK was processed with vinegar to reduce its toxicity, the detailed mechanisms of attenuation in toxicity of EK stir-fried with vinegar (VEK) have not been well delineated. Diterpenoids are the main toxic ingredients of EK, and changes in these after processing may be the underlying mechanism of toxicity attenuation of VEK. 3-O-(20E,40Z-decadienoyl)-20-O-acetylingenol (3-O-EZ) is one of the diterpenoids derived from EK, and the content of 3-O-EZ was significantly reduced after processing. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms of toxicity reduction of VEK based on the change of 3-O-EZ after processing with vinegar. Based on the chemical structure of 3-O-EZ and the method of processing with vinegar, simulation experiments were carried out to confirm the presence of the product both in EK and VEK and to enrich the product. Then, the difference of peak area of 3-O-EZ and its hydrolysate in EK and VEK were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Furthermore, the toxicity effect of 3-O-EZ and its hydrolysate, as well as the underlying mechanism, on zebrafish embryos were investigated. The findings showed that the diterpenoids (3-O-EZ) in EK can convert into less toxic ingenol in VEK after processing with vinegar; meanwhile, the content of ingenol in VEK was higher than that of EK. More interestingly, the ingenol exhibited less toxicity (acute toxicity, developmental toxicity and organic toxicity) than that of 3-O-EZ, and 3-O-EZ could increase malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reduce glutathione (GSH) content; cause embryo oxidative damage by inhibition of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; and induce inflammation and apoptosis by elevation of IL-2 and IL-8 contents and activation of the caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity. Thus, this study contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of attenuation in toxicity of VEK, and provides the possibility of safe and rational use of EK in clinics.
Uemura,Hirata
, p. 3673 (1971)
14-Step synthesis of (+)-ingenol from (+)-3-carene
Jorgensen, Lars,McKerrall, Steven J.,Kuttruff, Christian A.,Ungeheuer, Felix,Felding, Jakob,Baran, Phil S.
, p. 878 - 882 (2013)
Ingenol is a diterpenoid with unique architecture and has derivatives possessing important anticancer activity, including the recently Food and Drug Administration-approved Picato, a first-in-class drug for the treatment of the precancerous skin condition actinic keratosis. Currently, that compound is sourced inefficiently from Euphorbia peplus. Here, we detail an efficient, highly stereocontrolled synthesis of (+)-ingenol proceeding in only 14 steps from inexpensive (+)-3-carene and using a two-phase design. This synthesis will allow for the creation of fully synthetic analogs of bioactive ingenanes to address pharmacological limitations and provides a strategic blueprint for chemical production. These results validate two-phase terpene total synthesis as not only an academic curiosity but also a viable alternative to isolation or bioengineering for the efficient preparation of polyoxygenated terpenoids at the limits of chemical complexity.
METHODS OF SYNTHESIS OF INGENOL AND INTERMEDIATES THEREOF
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Page/Page column 84, (2014/12/12)
The present invention relates generally to methods of synthesis of diterpene heterocylic compounds. More particularly, the present invention relates to efficient methods of synthesis of ingenol (Formula (21), CAS 30220-46-3), from a compound of formula (1). The present invention also provides for various advantageous intermediates along the synthetic route of ingenol. Efficient synthesis of ingenol is important in the design and synthesis of related analogues, such as ingenol-3-angelate.