3511-31-7Relevant articles and documents
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Hofmann et al.
, p. 1322,1329 (1965)
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The effect of high pressure on the formation of volatile products in a model Maillard reaction
Bristow, Mark,Isaacs, Neil S.
, p. 2213 - 2218 (2007/10/03)
Reaction progress in the formation and subsequent decay of several of the volatile products from a model Maillard reaction between lysine and xylose has been followed at pH 7 and 10 and at elevated pressures. At low pH, the buildup and decay of 5-methyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone and several minor products were observed. The application of high pressure results in a much diminished maximum concentration of each although the time to the maximum is unaffected. At pH 10, products contain nitrogen heterocycles with 2-methylpyrazine being the principal one which builds up and only slowly decays with time. Again, the yield is greatly reduced by pressure. The results are interpreted in terms of the inhibition by pressure of the formation of the precursor the Amadori rearrangement product which affects subsequent products. In some instances rates of formation are also found to be slightly inhibited while degradation of these products is accelerated. The corresponding mechanisms are examined in the light of these results.
REVERSIBLE CARBON PROTONATION IN THE HYDROLYSIS OF HETEROCYCLIC ENOL METHYL ETHERS
Capon, Brian,Kwok, Fu-Chiu
, p. 69 - 76 (2007/10/02)
The kinetics of the hydronium-ion catalysed hydrolysis of the following heterocyclic methyl enol ethers have been measured: 3-methoxybenzofuran, 3-methoxybenzothiophene, 3-methoxyindole, 3-methoxy-1-methylindole, 3-methoxyfuran, 3-methoxythiophene, and 2-methoxythiophene.On the basis of the solvent isotope effect kH/kD = 3.08 and the failure to detect deuterium exchange when the solvent was CD3CN:D2O (9:1 v/v) it was concluded that the rate limiting step in the hydrolysis of 3-methoxybenzofuran is C-protonation.The effect of the ring-oxygen atom was measured by comparing the rate of hydrolysis of 3-methoxybenzofuran with that of 3-methoxyindene which occurs 2100 times faster.In contrast to the behaviour of 3-methoxybenzofuran the isotope effects, kH/kD, for the hydrolyses of 3-methoxyfuran, 3-methoxythiophene, 3-methoxyindole, 3-methoxy-1-methylindole and 2-methoxythiophene are ca 0.4 - 0.5 and deuterium exchange is much faster than hydrolysis when the solvent is CD3CN:D2O (9:1 v/v).It was therefore concluded that with these compound C-protonation is rapid and reversible and that slow step is attack by water on the intermediate cation.