35703-32-3Relevant articles and documents
Copolymerization of lactones and bioaromatics: Via concurrent ring-opening polymerization/polycondensation
Nguyen, Ha Thi Hoang,Short, Gabriel N.,Qi, Pengxu,Miller, Stephen A.
supporting information, p. 1877 - 1888 (2017/06/09)
The general and efficient copolymerization of lactones with hydroxy-acid bioaromatics was accomplished via a concurrent ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and polycondensation methodology. Suitable lactones were l-lactide or ε-caprolactone and four hydroxy-acid comonomers were prepared as hydroxyethyl variants of the bioaromatics syringic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Copolymerization conditions were optimized on a paradigm system with a 20 : 80 feed ratio of caprolactone : hydroxyethylsyringic acid. Among six investigated catalysts, polymer yield was optimized with 1 mol% of Sb2O3, affording eight copolymer series in good yields (32-95% for lactide; 80-95% for caprolactone). Half of the polymers were soluble in the GPC solvent hexafluoroisopropanol and analyzed to high molecular weight, with Mn = 10 500-60 700 Da. Mass spectrometry and 1H NMR analysis revealed an initial ring-opening formation of oligolactones, followed by polycondensation of these with the hydroxy-acid bioaromatic, followed by transesterification, yielding a random copolymer. By copolymerizing bioaromatics with l-lactide, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polylactic acid (PLA, 50 °C) could be improved and tuned in the range of 62-107 °C; the thermal stability (T95%) of PLA (207 °C) could be substantially increased up to 323 °C. Similarly, bioaromatic incorporation into polycaprolactone (PCL, Tg = -60 °C) accessed an improved Tg range from -48 to 105 °C, while exchanging petroleum-based content with biobased content. Thus, this ROP/polycondensation methodology yields substantially or fully biobased polymers with thermal properties competitive with incumbent packaging thermoplastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (Tg = 67 °C) or polystyrene (Tg = 95 °C).
Polyethylene ferulate (PEF) and congeners: polystyrene mimics derived from biorenewable aromatics
Nguyen, Ha Thi Hoang,Reis, Marcus H.,Qi, Pengxu,Miller, Stephen A.
supporting information, p. 4512 - 4517 (2015/09/15)
Ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid are abundant, biorenewable precursors for the synthesis of polyethylene ferulate (PEF) and polyethylene coumarate (PEC), as well as cognate copolymers with prescribed hydrogenation of the main-chain double bond. By controlling the comonomer feed ratios, copolymers with tunable thermal properties are obtained, including the thermal range occupied by polystyrene (PS).