38487-86-4Relevant articles and documents
Yeast supported gold nanoparticles: an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of commercially important aryl amines
Krishnan, Saravanan,Patel, Paresh N.,Balasubramanian, Kalpattu K.,Chadha, Anju
supporting information, p. 1915 - 1923 (2021/02/06)
Candida parapsilosisATCC 7330 supported gold nanoparticles (CpGNP), prepared by a simple and green method can selectively reduce nitroarenes and substituted nitroarenes with different functional groups like halides (-F, -Cl, -Br), olefins, esters and nitriles using sodium borohydride. The product aryl amines which are useful for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, polymers and agrochemicals were obtained in good yields (up to >95%) using CpGNP catalyst under mild conditions. The catalyst showed high recyclability (≥10 cycles) and is a robust free flowing powder, stored and used after eight months without any loss in catalytic activity.
The conversion of 2-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazolylideneamino)benzonitriles into 3-aminoindole-2-carbonitriles using triphenylphosphine
Michaelidou, Sophia S.,Koutentis, Panayiotis A.
experimental part, p. 8428 - 8433 (2009/12/26)
2-(4-Chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazolylideneamino)benzonitrile 1a reacts with triphenylphosphine (4 equiv) in the presence of water (2 equiv) to afford anthranilonitrile 2a, 3-aminoindole-2-carbonitrile 3a and (2-cyanoindol-3-yl)iminotriphenylphosphorane 4a, tog
Effect of plasma protein binding-on in vivo activity and brain penetration of glycine/NMDA receptor antagonists
Rowley, Michael,Kulagowski, Janusz J.,Watt, Alan P.,Rathbone, Denise,Stevenson, Graeme I.,Carling, Robert W.,Baker, Raymond,Marshall, George R.,Kemp, John A.,Foster, Alan C.,Grimwood, Sarah,Hargreaves, Richard,Hurley, Catherine,Saywell, Kay L.,Tricklebank, Mark D.,Leeson, Paul D.
, p. 4053 - 4068 (2007/10/03)
A major issue in designing drugs as antagonists at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor has been to achieve good in vivo activity. A series of 4- hydroxyquinolone glycine antagonists was found to be active in the DBA/2 mouse anticonvulsant assay, but improvements in in vitro affinity were not mirrored by corresponding increases in anticonvulsant activity. Here we show that binding of the compounds to plasma protein limits their brain penetration. Relative binding to the major plasma protein, albumin, was measured in two different ways: by a radioligand binding experiment or using an HPLC assay, for a wide structural range of glycine/NMDA site ligands. These measures of plasma protein binding correlate well (r = 0.84), and the HPLC assay has been used extensively to quantify plasma protein binding. For the 4-hydroxyquinolone series, binding to plasma protein correlates (r = 0.92) with log P (octanol/pH 7.4 buffer) over a range of log P values from 0 to 5. The anticonvulsant activity increases with in vitro affinity, but the slope of a plot of pED50 versus pIC50 is low (0.40); taking plasma protein binding into account in this plot increases the slope to 0.60. This shows that binding to albumin in plasma reduces the amount of compound free to diffuse across the blood-brain barrier. Further evidence comes from three other experiments: (a) Direct measurements of brain/blood ratios for three compounds (2, 16, 26) show the ratio decreases with increasing log P. (b) Warfarin, which compotes for albumin binding sites dose-dependently, decreased the ED50 of 26 for protection against seizures induced by NMDLA. (c) Direct measurements of brain penetration using an in situ brain perfusion model in rat to measure the amount of drug crossing the blood-brain barrier showed that compounds 2, 26, and 32 penetrate the brain well in the absence of plasma protein, but this is greatly reduced when the drug is delivered in plasma. In the 4-hydroxyquinolones glycine site binding affinity increases with lipophilicity of the 3-substituent up to a maximum at a log P around 3, then does not improve further. When combined with increasing protein binding, this gives a parabolic relationship between predicted in vivo activity and log P, with a maximum log P value of 2.39. Finally, the plasma protein binding studies have been extended to other series of glycine site antagonists, and it is shown that for a given log P these have similar protein binding to the 4-hydroxyquinolones, except for compounds that are not acidic. The results have implications for the design of novel glycine site antagonists, and it is suggested that it is necessary to either keep log P low or pK(a) high to obtain good central nervous system activity.
